Clock gene and gene product

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides isolated and purified polypeptide components of the mammalian circadian clock, polynucleotides that encode those polypeptides, expression vectors containing those polynucleotides, host cells transformed with those expression vectors, a process of making the polypeptide components using those polynucleotides and vectors, and processes using those polypeptides and polynucleotides.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/885,291, filed on Jun. 30, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,125.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of the present invention is the circadian clock of mammals. More particularly, the present invention relates to mammalian genes and gene products that regulate aspects of the circadian rhythm in mammals and those processes controlled by the circadian rhythm.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Circadian rhythms are a fundamental property of all eukaryotic and some prokaryotic organisms (Takahashi 1995). The underlying molecular mechanism appears similar among living systems, is cell autonomous and involves periodic macromolecular synthesis. Alterations in circadian rhythms are involved in sleep disorders such as “delayed sleep phase syndrome” which may be an alteration in the circadian period (lengthening) and the entrainment system. There is also evidence for circadian rhythm abnormalities in affective disorders. The most consistent feature of circadian rhythms observed in depressed patients is that a variety of physiological events occur earlier than normal (usually referred to as a “phase advance”). A shortened REM latency after sleep onset, which can be the manifestation of a change in the circadian coupling or organization of rhythms, appears to be a prominent characteristic of depression.

Further, a number of diagnostic tests depend on the time of day at which the test is performed. These include the dexamethasone suppression test for depression, intraocular pressure measurements for glaucoma, and plasma cortisol concentration for Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome. In addition, a number of clinical treatments (such as chemotherapy or alleviation of hypertension) can be optimized through the delivery of therapeutic agents at the appropriate time of day. Circadian rhythmicity appears to be deeply embedded in most aspects of the biology of organisms—indeed it is a central feature of their organization. It seems unlikely that complete understanding of most regulatory processes can be achieved without an appreciation of their circadian dimensions.

Clock genes have been described in other model systems, most notably in Drosophila and Neurospora. Three known clock genes have been characterized at the molecular and functional level. These are the period (per) and timeless (tim) genes in Drosophila, and the frequency (frq) gene in Neurospora. This work is known to the art and is described in review papers by J. S. Takahashi, Annual Review of Neuroscience 18:531-553, 1995; and by J. C. Dunlap, Annual Review of Genetics 30:579-601, 1996. None of these three clock genes have been shown to possess a protein motif known to allow these proteins to bind DNA, rather it appears that in the case of PERIOD and TIMELESS, these proteins must interact with unidentified DNA-binding transcription factors.

The genetic approach to circadian rhythms was first described by Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer (1971) who isolated single-gene mutations that altered circadian periodicity in Drosophila. In a chemical mutagenesis screen of the X chromosome, they found three mutants that either shortened (per^(S)), lengthened (per^(L)) or abolished (per⁰) circadian rhythms of eclosion and adult locomotor activity. In 1984, two groups at Brandeis and Rockefeller independently cloned per in a series of experiments that showed that germline transformation with DNA could rescue a complex behavioral program (reviewed in Rosbash & Hall 1989). Each of the mutant per alleles is caused by intragenic point mutations that produce missense mutations in per^(S) and per^(L), and a nonsense mutation in per⁰ (Bayfies et al. 1987, Yu et al. 1987). Only recently has the nature of per gene product (PER) become more clear. The Drosophila single-minded protein (SIM) (Nambu et al. 1991), the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) (Hoffirian et al. 1991), and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) (Burbach et al. 1992) all share with PER a domain called PAS, (for PER, ARNT, SIM) (Nambu et al. 1991). The PAS domain contains about 270 amino acids of sequence similarity with two 51-amino acid direct repeats. Recent work shows that the PAS domain can function as a dimerization domain (Huang et al.1993). Because other PAS members are transcriptional regulators and PER can dimerize to them, PER could function as a transcriptional regulator either by working in concert with apartner that carries a DNA-binding domain, or by acting as a dominant-negative regulator by competing with a transcriptional regulator for dimenization or DNA binding. Consistent with this role, PER is predominantly a nuclear protein in the adult central nervous system of Drosophila (Liu et al. 1992).

The expression of PER itself is circadian, and both per mRNA and PER protein abundance levels oscillate. Hardin et al. (1990) showed that per mRNA levels undergo a striking circadian oscillation. The per RNA rhythm persists in constant darkness and the period of the RNA rhythm is ˜24 hours in per⁺ flies and is ˜20 hours in per^(S) flies. The RNA of per⁰ flies is present at a level ˜50% of normal flies, but does not oscillate. In per⁰ flies that have been rescued by gernline transformation with wild-type per+DNA, both circadian behavior and per RNA cycles are restored. Importantly, in these transformed flies both the exogenousper⁺ RNA and the endogenous per⁰ RNA levels oscillate. In addition to a per RNA cycle, the PER protein also shows a circadian rhythm in abundance (Siwicki et al. 1988, Zerr et al. 1990, Edery et al. 1994b). The rhythm in PER protein also depends on per, because per^(O) flies do not have a protein rhythm and because per mutants alter the PER rhythm (Zerr et al. 1990). Therefore, the circadian expression of per mRNA and protein levels both depend on an active per gene. Because per^(S) shortens the period of the RNA cycle and because per⁺ DNA transformation rescues per⁰ RNA cycling, PER protein expression clearly regulates per RNA cycling. Hardin et al. (1990) propose that feedback of the per gene product regulates its own mRNA levels. Support for such a model has been provided by showing that transient induction of PER from a heat shock promoter/per cDNA transgene in a wild-type background can phase shift circadian activity rhythms in Drosophila (Edery et al. 1994a).

The PER protein rhythm appears to be regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Hardin et al. (1992) have shown that levels of per precursor RNA cycle in concert with mature per transcripts. In addition, per promoter/CAT fusion gene constructs show that per 5′ flanking sequences are sufficient to drive heterologous RNA cycles. These results suggest that circadian fluctuations inper mRNA abundance are controlled at the transcriptional level. In addition to a rhythm in per transcription and PERabundance, PER appears to undergo multiple phosphorylation events as itaccumulates each cycle (Edery et al. 1994b). The nature and functional significance of the PER phosphorylation sites, however, are not known at this time. Interestingly, the peak of the per RNA cycle precedes the peak of the PER protein cycle by about 4-6 hours. The reasons for the lag in PER accumulation are not well understood. However, the recent isolation of a second clock mutant, named timeless (tim), has provided significant insight (Sehgal et al. 1994). Tim mutants fail to express circadian rhythms in eclosion and locomotor activity, but more importantly also fail to express circadian rhythms in per mRNA abundance (Sehgal et al. 1994). Furthermore, the nuclear localization of PER is blocked in tim mutants (Vosshall et al. 1994). In 1995, tim was cloned by positional cloning and by interaction with the PAS domain of PER in a yeast two-hybrid screen (Gekakis et al. 1995, Myers et al. 1995). Like PER, TIM is a large protein without any obvious sequence homologies to other proteins. While PER dimerizes to TIM via the PAS domain, TIM is not a member of the PAS family. The expression of tim RNA levels has a striking circadian oscillation which is in phase with the per RNA rhythm. The rhythm in tim RNA levels depends on PER and is abolished inper^(O) mutants and shortened in per^(S) mutants. Thus, per and tim express a coordinate circadian rhythm that is interdependent. TIM protein also shows a circadian rhythm with a phase similar to that of PER. Formation of a PER/TIM heterodimer appears to be required for nuclear entry of the complex. In the last year, four different laboratories discovered that light exposure causes a rapid degradation of TIM protein in fies and this action of light can explain how entrainment of the circadian clock in Drosophila occurs (Hunter-Ensor et al. 1996, Lee et al. 1996, Myers et al. 1996, Zeng et al. 1996). Thus, the identification of tim and its functional interaction with per is important because it suggests that elements of a transcription-translation-nuclear transport feedback loop are central elements of the circadian mechanism in Drosophila.

In addition to the Drosophila per and tim genes, progress has been made in elucidating the molecular nature of the Neurospora frequency (frq) gene (Dunlap 1993). Likeper, the frq locus is defined by mutant alleles that either shorten, lengthen or disrupt circadian rhythms (Feldman & Hoyle 1973, Feldman 1982, Dunlap 1993). Cloned in 1989, the sequence of FRQ shows little resemblance to PER (except for a region containing threonine-glycine repeats) (McClung et al. 1989); however, recent molecular work shows striking functional similarities (Aronson et al. 1994). The frq gene expresses a circadian oscillation of mRNA abundance whose period is altered by frq mutations (Aronson et al. 1994). A null allele,frq⁹, expresses elevated levels of frq transcript and does not show a rhythm in mRNA abundance (Aronson et al. 1994). Interestingly, no level of constitutive expression of frq⁺ in a null background can rescue overt rhthmicity, which suggests that the circadian rhythm of frq mRNA is a necessary component of the oscillator (Aronson et al. 1994). However, overexpression of a frq⁺ transgene does negatively autoregulate expression of the endogenous of a frq gene (Aronson et al. 1994). In addition, overexpression of frg⁺ transgene in a wild-type background blocks overt expression of circadian rhythms (Aronson et al. 1994). The phase of the overt circadian rhythm can be determined by a step reduction in FRQ protein expression (Aronson et al. 1994). Taken together, these experiments show that frq is likely a central component of the Neurospora circadian oscillator and that a negative autoregulatory loop regulating frq transcription forms the basis of the oscillation (Aronson et al. 1994). Recently a direct action of light has been found on frq expression (Crosthwaite et al. 1995). Frq transcription is rapidly induced by light exposure and this effect of light can explain photic entrainment in Neurospora in a simple and direct manner.

Although there are remarkable functional similarities between per and frq, there are also distinct differences. The phases of the mRNA rhythms are different: per peaks at night (Hardin et al. 1990), whereas frq peaks during the day (Aronson et al. 1994). While per overexpression shortens circadian period (Smith & Konopka 1982, Baylies et al. 1987),frq overexpression does not change period but rather abolishes overt rhythmicity (Aronson et al. 1994). The null allele, per⁰, leads to a constant level of mRNA that is about 50% of the peak level of wild-type levels in Drosophila (Hardin et al. 1990); while in Neurospora, frq⁹ mRNA levels are significantly elevated relative to wild-type (Aronson et al. 1994). Finally, the action of light on these two systems is opposite: light degrades TIM protein in Drosophila; whereas, it activates the transcription of frq in Neurospora. These differences can be interpreted in at least two ways: 1) the elements of each system are not fully defined and frq and per could define different elements in a conserved pathway within the oscillator feedback loop; or 2) the Drosophila and Neurospora circadian clocks could be functionally analogous rather than phylogenetically homologous. Irrespective of the interpretation, however, it appears likely that a transcription-translation autoregulatory feedback loop may be a common feature of circadian clocks.

Searching for per homologs in mammals has not been very productive despite ten years of effort by a number of laboratories. This is probably due to the relatively low level of sequence similarity of per even among the Drosophilids (Hall 1990). Putative per homologs in mammals have been reported in searches directed against the threonine-glycine (TG) repeat region of PER (Shin et al. 1985, Matsui et al. 1993) and the region of the per^(S) mutation (Siwicki et al. 1992). However, the TG-repeat clones show no other sequence similarity to PER, and the antigenes detected by antibodies to the per^(S) region have not been characterized molecularly. New efforts targeted against the PAS dimerization domain (Huang et al. 1993), which is moderately well-conserved among insects (Reppert et al. 1994), using either PCR-based approaches or the yeast two-hybrid system (Fields & Song 1989) could eventually succeed as more bona fide per homologs are cloned in species more closely related to insects. Alternatively, as other Drosophila clock genes are cloned in the future, some should have sequence conservation with mammals as found, for example, with genes regulating pattern formation (Krumlauf 1993) or signal transduction (Zipursky & Rubin 1994). However, at this time no confirmed orthologs of per, tim or frq have been cloned in any vertebrate.

Very little information on the genetics of mammalian circadian rhythms is available. Most work in the field has used quantitative genetic approaches such as comparisons of circadian phenotype among inbred strains of mice and rats, recombinant inbred strain analysis, or selection of natural variants (Hall 1990, Schwartz & Zimmerman 1990, Lynch & Lynch 1992). The most comprehensive analysis of inbred mouse strains was done by Schwartz & Zimmerman (1990) who compared 12 different strains and found that the most extreme strains (C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ) had a period difference of about one hour in constant darkness. Reciprocal F1 hybrid and recombinant inbred strain analysis provided no evidence of monogenic inheritance of the circadian period. Polygenic inheritance of circadian traits (or more strictly, failure to detect monogenic inheritance) has been the conclusion of every quantitative genetic analysis performed thus far.

A notable exception to the general finding of polygenic control of circadian phenotype is the spontaneous mutation, tau, found in the golden hamster (Ralph & Menaker 1988). Tau is a semidommant, autosomal mutation that shortens circadian period by two hours in heterozygotes and by four hours in homozygotes. Its phenotype is remarkably similar to the Drosophila per^(S) allele being semidominant, changing period to the same extent, and increasing the amplitude of the phase response curve to light (Ralph & Menaker 1988, Ralph 1991). The tau mutation has been extremely useful for physiological analysis. For example, the circadian pacemaker function of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) has been definitively demonstrated by transplantation of SCN tissue derived from tau mutant hamsters to establish that the genotype of the donor SCN determines the period of the restored rhythm (Ralph et al. 1990). Furthermore, the effects of having both tau mutant and wild-type SCN tissue in the same animal show that both mutant (˜20 h) and wild-type (˜24 h) periodicities can be expressed simultaneously suggesting that very little interaction of the oscillators occurs under these conditions (Vogelbaum & Menaker 1992). Additional cellular interactions can also be studied by transplantation of dissociated SCN cells derived from tau mutant and wild-type animals (Ralph & Lehman 1991). Thus, a number of issues that could not be addressed previously have been resolved or approached by the use of the tau mutation.

Unfortunately, not much progress has been made on the genetic and molecular nature of tau. Genetic mapping and molecular cloning of tau remains difficult because of the paucity of genetic information in the golden hamster. Thus far the tau mutation has contributed substantially to physiological analysis, but it will be difficult to elucidate the nature of the tau gene product unless candidate genes become apparent or the hamster is developed as a genetic system.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides an isolated and purified polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence consisting essentially of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of (a)(i) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 from about nucleotide position 491 to about nucleotide position 2953, the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54 from about nucleotide position 418 to about nucleotide position 2955; (b) sequences that are complementary to the sequences of (a), and (c) sequences that, when expressed, encode a polypeptide comprising an amino acid residue sequence encoded by the sequence of (a). A polynucleotide can be a DNA or RNA molecule. A preferred polynucleotide contains the nucleotide sequence from nucleotide position number 419, 416, 392, 389 or 1 to nucleotide position number 2953 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Another preferred polynucleotide contains the nucleotide sequence from nucleotide position number 490, 438, 435, 421 or 418 to nucleotide position number 2953 of SEQ ID NO:2955.

In another embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention is contained in an expression vector. The expression vector preferably further comprises an enhancer-promoter operatively linked to the polynucleotide. In an especially preferred embodiment, the polynucleotide contains a nucleotide sequence as set forth above. The present invention still further provides a host cell transformed with a polynucleotide or expression vector of this invention. Preferably, the host cell is a bacterial cell such as an E. coli.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an oligonucleotide of from about 15 to about 50.nucleotides containing a nucleotide sequence that is identical or complementary to a contiguous sequence of at least 15 nucleotides a polynucleotide of this invention. A preferred oligonucleotide is an antisense oligonucleotide that is complementary to a portion of the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a polypeptide of mammalian origin. In one embodiment, that polypeptide is an isolated and puried polypeptide of about 855 or less amino acid residues that contains the amino acid residue sequence of at least one of:

a) from residue position 35 to residue position 855 of SEQ ID NO: 2;

b) from residue position 11 to residue position 855 of SEQ ID NO: 2;

c) from residue position 10 to residue position 855 of SEQ ID NO: 2;

d) from residue position 2 to residue position 855 of SEQ ID NO: 2; or

e) from residue position 1 to residue position 855 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In another embodiment, that polypeptide is an isolated and puried polypeptide of about 846 or less amino acid residues that contains the amino acid residue sequence of at least one of:

a) from residue position 35 to residue position 846 of SEQ ID NO: 55;

b) from residue position 11 to residue position 846 of SEQ ID NO: 55;

c) from residue position 10 to residue position 846 of SEQ ID NO: 55;

d) from residue position 2 to residue position 846 of SEQ ID NO: 55; or

e) from residue position 1 to residue position 846 of SEQ ID NO: 55.

Preferably, a polypeptide of the present invention is a recombinant human polypeptide. In another aspect, the present invention provides a process of making a polypeptide of this invention comprising transforming a host cell with an expression vector that comprises a polynucleotide of the present invention, maintaining the transformed cell for a period of time sufficient for expression of the polypeptide and recovering the polypeptide. Preferably, the host cell is an eukaryotic host cell such as a mammalian cell, or a bacterial cell. An especially preferred host cell is an E. Coli. The present invention also provides a polypeptide made by a process of this invention.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide, polynucleotide, expression vector or oligonucleotide of this invention and a physiologically acceptable diluent.

In another aspect, the present invention provides uses for the polypetides, polynucleotides and oligonucleotides of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings which form a portion of the specification:

FIG. 1 shows the location of the Clock gene locus in the mouse genome using genetic meiotic mapping.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of restriction mapping of YAC and BAC clones in the Clock region.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a transcript map of the Clock region.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the breeding strategy used to produce and rescue Clock mutants.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of the breeding strategy used to produce TG36 progeny.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of the physical location of the Clock gene.

FIG. 7 shows the exon structure of the Clock gene and the exon content of different cDNA clones

FIGS. 8A-8M show the complete nucleotide sequence of the Clock gene based upon genomic exon sequences. The nucleotide sequence of the Clock gene is designated SEQ ID NO: 1 and the deduced amino acid residue sequence of the CLOCK polypeptide is designated as SEQ ID NO: 2.

FIGS. 9A-9Z show the nucleotide sequence of individual exons.

FIG. 10 shows the splice acceptor and donor sequences for the exons.

FIG. 11 shows a comparison between the amino acid residue sequence of the CLOCK polypeptide with human NPAS2 and mouse NPAS2.

FIG. 12 shows the amino acid sequence of CLOCK with the bHLH, PAS-A, PAS-B domains of a mutant Clock gene.

FIG. 13 shows the amino acid sequence of a CLOCK variant resulting from an alternate splice.

FIGS. 14A-14J show the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence for human CLOCK.

FIGS. 15A-15C show the amino acid residue alignment of the mouse and human CLOCK polypeptides.

FIGS. 16A-16H show the nucleotide alignment of the mouse and human CLOCK genes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

I. The Invention

The present invention provides isolated and purified polypeptide components of the mammalian circadian clock, polynucleotides that encode those polypeptides, expression vectors containing those polynucleotides, host cells transformed with those expression vectors, a process of making the polypeptide components using those polynucleotides and vectors, and processes using those polypeptides and polynucleotides.

II. Clock Polypeptides

In one aspect, the present invention provides a polypeptide that is an integral component of the mammalian circadian clock. The polypeptide serves to regulate various aspects of circadian rhythm in mammals. The polypeptide is referred to herein as the CLOCK polypeptide. The CLOCK polypeptide contains about 855 or less amino acid residues. The amino acid residue sequence of an 855 residue embodiment of CLOCK, which embodiment is the gene product of the Clock gene of the mouse, described hereinafter, is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. Another embodiment of a CLOCK polypeptide is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55. This later embodiment shows the CLOCK polypeptide obtained from humans.

It can be seen from SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 55 that both polypeptides are members member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS domain family of proteins. The basic region of the bHLH domain is known to mediate DNA binding. Thus, CLOCK likely interacts directly with DNA. The HLH and PAS domains are further known to be protein dimerization domains and indicate that CLOCK can interact with itself or with other HLH-PAS domain family members. The C-terminal portion of both polypeptides (SEQ ID NO: 2 and 55) can also be seen to have a number of glutamine-rich, proline-rich and serine-rich regions that are characteristic of activation domains of ranscription factors. The CLOCK polypeptide functions as a transcription factor.

There are two methionine (Met) residues in the N-terminal portion of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 55, both of which can serve as the N-terminus of a CLOCK polypeptide. Those two Met residues are located at residue positions 1 and 10 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 55. Thus, a CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention can contain the amino acid residue sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 55 extending from residue number 1 or residue number 10 to the C-terminus (residue number 855 or 846). As is well known in the art, polypeptides with an N-terminal Met residue can be produced without that Met residue, which Met-minus polypeptide has the same function as the Met-positive embodiment. Thus, a CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention can contain the amino acid residue sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 55 from residue number 2 or residue number 11 to residue number 855 or 846.

As is also well know in the art, proteins having b-HLH dormans can be processed such that the polypeptide starts at the beginning of that b-HLH domain. In SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 55, the b-HLH begins at amino acid residue number 35. Thus, an embodiment of a CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention contains a polypeptide having the amino acid residue sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 55 from residue number 35 to residue number 855 or 846.

As set forth in detail hereinafter, four forms of the CLOCK polypeptide have been identified in the mouse. Those four forms are: (1) SEQ ID NO: 2; (2) residues 1 to 513 and residues 565 to 855 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (3) residues 1 to 483 and residues 514 to 855 of SEQ ID NO: 2; and (4) residues 1 to 483 and residues 565 to 855 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

There are also four forms of the human CLOCK polypeptide that have been identified. Those four forms are: (1) SEQ ID NO: 55; (2) residues 1 to 513 and residues 565 to 846 of SEQ ID NO: 55; (3) residues 1 to 483 and residues 514 to 846 of SEQ ID NO: 55; and (4) residues 1 to 483 and residues 565 to 846 of SEQ ID NO: 55.

The present invention also contemplates amino acid residue sequences that are substantially duplicative of the sequences set forth herein such that those sequences demonstrate like biological activity to disclosed sequences. Such contemplated sequences include those sequences characterized by a minimal change in amino acid residue sequence or type (e.g., conservatively substituted sequences) which insubstantial change does not alter the basic nature and biological activity of the CLOCK polypeptide.

It is well known in the art that modifications and changes can be made in the structure of a polypeptide without substantially altering the biological function of that peptide. For example, certain amino acids can be substituted for other amino acids in a given polypeptide without any appreciable loss of function. In making such changes, substitutions of like amino acid residues can be made on the basis of relative similarity of side-chain substituents, for example, their size, charge, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and the like.

As detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, incorporated herein by reference, the following hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: Arg (+3.0); Lys (+3.0); Asp (+3.0); Glu (+3.0); Ser (+0.3); Asn (+0.2); G1n (+0.2); Gly (0); Pro (−0.5); Thr (−0.4); Ala (−0.5); His (−0.5); Cys (−1.0); Met (−1.3); Val (−1.5)- Leu (−1.8); Ile (−1.8)- Tyr (−2.3); Phe (−2.5); and Trp (−3.4). It is understood that an amino acid residue can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value (e.g., within a value of plus or minus 2.0) and still obtain a biologically equivalent polypeptide.

In a similar manner, substitutions can be made on the basis of similarity in hydropathic index. Each amino acid residue has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics. Those hydropathic index values are: Ile (+4.5); Val (+4.2); Leu (+3.8); Phe (+2.8); Cys (+2.5); Met (+1.9); Ala (+1.8); Gly (−0.4); Thr (−0.7); Ser (−0.8); Trp (−0.9); Tyr (−1.3); Pro (−1.6); His (−3.2); Glu (−3.5); Gln (−3.5); Asp (−3.5); Asn (−3.5); Lys (−3.9); and Arg (−4.5). In making a substitution based on the hydropathic index, a value of within plus or minus 2.0 is preferred.

The CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention contains numerous phosphorylation sites. This invention contemplates phosphorylated as well as unphosphorylated embodiments.

A CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention has numerous uses. By way of example, such a polypeptide can be used in a screening assay for the identification of drugs or compounds that inhibit the action of CLOCK polypeptide (e.g., DNA binding). The CLOCK polypeptide is an integral component of the circadian clock of mammals. As set forth below, animals lacking the ability to produce the CLOCK polypeptide have significant dysfunctions in their circadian clock. Mutant animals producing an altered CLOCK polypeptide can be given the normal CLOCK polypeptide together with suspected agonists or antagonists and the effects of such treatment on the restoration of a normal circadian rhythm can be determined. The CLOCK polypeptide can also be used to treat animals having circadian rhythm dysfunctions as set forth hereinafter.

In addition, a CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention can be used to produce antibodies that immunoreact specifically with the CLOCK polypeptide or antigenic detenninants thereof. Means for producing antibodies are well known in the art. An antibody directed against CLOCK polypeptide can be a polyclonal or a monoclonal antibody.

Antibodies against CLOCK polypeptide can be prepared by immunizing an animal with a CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention or an immunogenic portion thereof. Means for immunizing animals for the production of antibodies are well known in the art. By way of an example, a mammal can be injected with an inoculum that includes a polypeptide as described herein above. The polypeptide can be included in an inoculum alone or conjugated to a carrier protein such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The polypeptide can be suspended, as is well known in the art, in an adjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity of the polypeptide. Sera containing immunologically active antibodies are then produced from the blood of such immunized animals using standard procedures well known in the art.

The identification of antibodies that immunoreact specifically with CLOCK polypeptide is made by exposing sera suspected of containing such antibodies to a polypeptide of the present invention to form in a conjugate between antibodies and the polypeptide. The existence of the conjugate is then determined using standard procedures well known in the art.

A CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention can also be used to prepare monoclonal antibodies against CLOCK polypeptide and used as a screening assay to identify such monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are produced from hybridomas prepared in accordance with standard techniques such as that described by Kohler et al. (Nature, 256:495, 1975). Briefly, a suitable mammal (e.g., BALB/c mouse) is immunized by injection with a polypeptide of the present invention. After a predetermined period of time, splenocytes are removed from the mouse and suspended in a cell culture medium. The splenocytes are then fused with an immortal cell line to form a hybridoma. The formed hyridomas are grown in cell culture and screened for their ability to produce a monoclonal antibody against CLOCK polypeptide. Screening of the cell culture medium is made with a polypeptide of the present invention.

III. Clock Polvnucleotides

In another aspect, the present invention provides an isolated and purified polynucleotide that encodes a CLOCK polypeptide of mammalian origin. The polynucleotide can be a DNA molecule (e.g., genomic sequence, cDNA) or an RNA molecule (e.g. mRNA). Where the polynucleotide is a genomic DNA molecule, that molecule can comprise exons and introns interspersed therein.

As set forth hereinafter in the Examples, the Clock gene contains numerous exons. One of skill in the art will readily appreciate that the entire genome including introns is contemplated by the present invention. Where the polynucleotide is a cDNA molecule, disclosed sequences include coding regions as well as 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions.

Only coding DNA sequences are disclosed herein. The present invention also provides, however, non-coding strands that are complementary to the coding sequences as well as RNA sequences identical to or complementary to those coding sequences. One of ordinary skill will readily appreciate that corresponding RNA sequences contain uracil (U) in place of thymidine (T).

In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention is an isolated and purified cDNA molecule that contains a coding sequence for a CLOCK polypeptide of this invention. Exemplary and preferred such cDNA molecules are shown as SEQ ID NO: 1 and 54. SEQ ID NO: 2 is the deduced amino acid residue sequence of the coding region of SEQ ID NO: 1. As set forth above, a CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention can be a truncated or shortened form of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 55. Thus, preferred polynucleotides of this invention depend on the specific CLOCK polypeptide preferred.

By way of example, where the CLOCK polypeptide contains the amino residue sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 from residue number 1 to residue acid number 855, a preferred polynucleotide contains the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 from nucleotide number 389 to nucleotide number 2953. Where the CLOCK polypeptide contains the amino acid residue sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 from residue number 2 to residue number 855, a preferred polynucleotide contains the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 from nucleotide number 392 to nucleotide number 2953. Where the CLOCK polypeptide contains the amino acid residue sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 from residue number 10 to residue number 855, a preferred polynucleotide contains the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 from nucleotide number 416 to nucleotide number 2953. Where the CLOCK polypeptide contains the amino acid residue sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 from residue number 11 to residue number 855, a preferred polynucleotide contains the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 from nucleotide number 419 to nucleotide number 2953. Where the CLOCK polypeptide contains the amino acid residue sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 from residue number 35 to residue number 855, a preferred polynucleotide contains the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 from nucleotide number 491 to nucleotide number 2953. Other preferred polynucleotides such as those encoding the four distinct forms of human CLOCK, will be readily apparent to a skilled artisan by reference to the cDNA and amino acid residue sequences disclosed herein.

The present invention also contemplates DNA sequences which hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions to the DNA sequences set forth above. Stringent hybridization conditions are well known in the art and define a degree of sequence identity greater than about 70%-80%. The present invention also contemplates naturally occurring allelic variations and mutations of the DNA sequences set forth above so long as those variations and mutations code, on expression, for a CLOCK polypeptide of this invention as set forth hereinbefore.

As is well known in the art, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, there are numerous other DNA and RNA molecules that can code for the same polypeptides as those encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1, or portions thereof. The present invention, therefore, contemplates those other DNA and RNA molecules 5 which, on expression, encode for a polypeptide that contains a polypeptide encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1, or portions thereof as set forth above. Having identified the amino acid residue sequence of CLOCK polypeptides, and with knowledge of all triplet codons for each particular amino acid residue, it is possible to describe all such encoding RNA and DNA sequences. DNA and RNA molecules other than those specifically disclosed herein and, which molecules are characterized simply by a change in a codon for a particular amino acid are within the scope of this invention.

A Table of codons representing particular amino acids is set forth below in Table 1.

TABLE I First Third position Second Position position (.5′ end) T/U C A G (3′ end) T/U Phe Ser Tyr Cys T/U Phe Ser Tyr Cys C Leu Ser Stop Stop A Leu Ser Stop Trp G C Leu Pro His Arg T/U Leu Pro His Arg C Leu Pro Gln Arg A Leu Pro Gln Arg G A Ile Thr Asn Ser T/U Ile Thr Asn Ser C Ile Thr Lys Arg A Met Thr Lys Arg G G Val Ala Asp Gly T/U Val Ala Asp Gly C Val Ala Glu Gly A Val Ala Glu Gly G

A simple change in a codon for the same amino acid residue within a polynucleotide will not change the structure of the encoded polypeptide. By way of example, it can be seen from SEQ ID NO: 1 that a TCA codon for serine exists at nucleotide positions 422-424 and at positions 512-514. It can also be seen from that same sequence, however, that serine can be encoded by a AGC codon (see e.g., nucleotide positions 419-421 and 617-619). Substitution of the latter AGC codon for serine with the TCA codon for serine, or visa versa, does not substantially alter the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and results in expression of the same polypeptide. In a similar manner, substitutions of codons for other amino acid residues can be made in a like manner without departing from the true scope of the present invention.

A polynucleotide of the present invention can also be an RNA molecule. An RNA molecule contemplated by the present invention is complementary to or hybridizes under stringent conditions to any of the DNA sequences set forth above. As is well known in the art, such an RNA molecule is characterized by the base uracil in place of thymidine. Exemplary and preferred RNA molecules are mRNA molecules that encode a CLOCK polypeptide of this invention.

IV. Clock Oligonucleotides

The present invention also contemplates oligonucleotides from about 15 to about 50 nucleotides in length, which oligonucleotides serve as primers and hybridization probes for the screening of DNA libraries and the identification of DNA or RNA molecules that encode a CLOCK polypeptide. Such primers and probes are characterized in that they will hybridize to polynucleotide sequences encoding a CLOCK polypeptide. An oligonucleotide probe or primer contains a nucleotide sequence that is identical to or complementary to a contiguous sequence of at least 15 nucleotides of a polynucleotide of the present invention. Thus, where an oligonucleotide probe is 25 nucleotides in length, at least 15 of those nucleotides are identical or complementary to a sequence of contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide of the present invention. Exemplary polynucleotides of the present invention are set forth above.

A preferred oligonucleotide is an antisense oligonucleotide. The present invention provides a synthetic antisense oligonucleotide of less than about 50 nucleotides, preferably less than about 35 nucleotides, more preferably less than about 25 nucleotides and most preferably less than about 20 nucleotides. An antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention is directed against a DNA or RNA molecule that encodes a CLOCK polypeptide. Preferably, the antisense oligonucleotide is directed against the protein translational initiation site or the transcriptional start site. In accordance with this preferred embodiment, an antisense molecule is directed against a region of SEQ ID NO: I from about nucleotide position 370 to about nucleotide position 410 or a portion of SEQ ID NO: 1 from about nucleotide position 400 to about nucleotide position 440. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that antisense oligonucleotides can be directed either against a DNA or RNA sequence that encodes a specific target. Thus, an antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention can also be directed against polynucleotides that are complementary to those shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 as well as the equivalent RNA molecules.

Preferably, the nucleotides of an antisense oligonucleotides are linked by pseudophosphate bonds that are resistant to clevage by exonuclease or endonuclease enzymes. Preferably the pseudophosphate bonds are phosphorothioate bonds. By replacing a phosphodiester bond with one that is resistant to the action of exo-and/or endonuclease, the stability of the nucleic acid in the presence of those enzymes is increased. As used herein, pseudophosphate bonds include, but are not limited to, methylphosphonate, phosphomorpholidate, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate and phosphoroselenoate bonds.

An oligonucleotide primer or probe, as well as an antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention can be prepared using standard procedures well known in the art. A preferred method of polynucleotide synthesis is via cyanoethyl phosphoramidite chemistry. A detailed description of the preparation, isolation and purification of polynucleotides encoding mammalian CLOCK is set forth below

V. Expression Vectors and Transformed Cells

The present invention further provides expression vectors that contain a polynucleotide of the invention and host cells transformed or transfected with those polynucleotides or expression vectors.

A polynucleotide that encodes a CLOCK polypeptide is placed into an expression vector suitable for a given host cell such that the vector drives expression of the polynucleotide in that host cell. Vectors for use in particular cells are well known in the art and include viral vectors, phages or plasmids.

In one embodiment, a host cell is an eukaryotic host cell and an expression vector is an eukaryotic expression vector (i.e., a vector capable of directing expression in a eukaryotic cell). Such eukaryotic expression vectors are well known in the art. In another embodiment, the host cell is a bacterial cell. An especially preferred bacterial cell is an E. coli. Thus, a preferred expression vector is a vector capable of directing expression in E. coli

A polynucleotide of an expression vector of the present invention is preferably operatively associated or linked with an enhancer-promoter. A promoter is a region of a DNA molecule typically within about 100 nucleotide pairs in front of (upstream of) the point at which transcription begins. That region typically contains several types of DNA sequence elements that are located in similar relative positions in different genes. As used herein, the term “promoter” includes what is referred to in the art as an upstream promoter region or a promoter of a generalized RNA polymerase transcription unit.

Another type of transcription regulatory sequence element is an enhancer. An enhancer provides specificity of time, location and expression level for a particular encoding region (e.g., gene). A major function of an enhancer is to increase the level of transcription of a coding sequence in a cell that contains one or more transcription factors that bind to that enhancer. Unlike a promoter, an enhancer can function when located at variable distances from a transcription start site so long as the promoter is present.

As used herein, the phrase “enhancer-promoter” means a composite unit that contains both enhancer and promoter elements. An enhancer-promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence that encodes at least one gene product. As used herein, the phrase “operatively linked” or its grammatical equivalent means that a regulatory sequence element (e.g. an enhancer-promoter or transcription terminating region) is connected to a coding sequence in such a way that the transcription of that coding sequence is controlled and regulated by that enhancer-promoter. Means for operatively linking an enhancer-promoter to a coding sequence are well known in the art.

An enhancer-promoter used in an expression vector of the present invention can be any enhancer-promoter that drives expression in a host cell. By employing an enhancer-promoter with well known properties, the level of expression can be optimized. For example, selection of an enhancer-promoter that is active in specific cells (e.g., cells of the SCN) permits tissue or cell specific expression of the desired product. Still further, selection of an enhancer-promoter that is regulated in response to a specific physiological signal can permit inducible expression.

A coding sequence of an expression vector is operatively linked to a transcription terminating region. RNA polymerase transcribes an encoding DNA sequence through a site where polyadenylation occurs. Typically, DNA sequences located a few hundred base pairs downstream of the polyadenylation site serve to terminate transcription. Those DNA sequences are referred to herein as transcription-termination regions. Those regions are required for efficient polyadenylation of transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA). Enhancer-promoters and transcription-terminating regions are well known in the art. The selection of a particular enhancer-promoter or transcription-terninating region will depend, as is also well known the art, on the cell to be transformed.

VI. Method of Making Clock Polynucleotide

In another aspect, the present invention provides a process of making a CLOCK polypeptide. In accordance with that process, a suitable host cell is transformed with a polynucleotide of the present invention. The transformed cell is maintained for a period of time sufficient for expression of the CLOCK polypeptide. The formed polypeptide is then recovered. Preferably, the polynucleotide is contained in an expression vector as set forth above.

VII. Pharmaceutical Compositions

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide, polynucleotide, oligonucleotide or expression vector of this invention and a physiologically acceptable diluent.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention includes one or more antisense oligonucleotides, polypeptides or expression vectors, as set forth above, formulated into compositions together with one or more non-toxic physiologically tolerable or acceptable diluents, carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that are collectively referred to herein as diluents, for parenteral injection, for oral administration in solid or liquid form, for rectal or topical administration, or the like.

The compositions can be administered to humans and animals either orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, locally, or as a buccal or nasal spray.

Compositions suitable for parenteral administration can comprise physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions and sterile powders for reconstitution into such sterile solutions or dispersions. Examples of suitable diluents include water, ethanol, polyols, suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants.

Compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be insured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceuticalform can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Besides such inert diluents, the composition can also include sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents. Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents, as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonit, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.

VIII. Process of Using CLOCK Polypeptides, Polynucleotides and Oligonucleotides

The present invention provides processes for using the polypeptide, polynucleotides, and oligonucleotides of the present invention. The compositions and methods of the present invention have a variety of uses. Having described the Clock gene and its expression product, the CLOCK polypeptide, it is possible to inhibit expression of the Clock gene using gene targeting technology as is well know in the art. Using such technology, for example, the Clock gene can be removed from the genome of the mouse or that gene can otherwise be mutated so as to prevent expression of the CLOCK polypeptide. As a result of such treatments, a mouse model is created that is characterized by having circadian clock dysfunctions. That model can then be used in screening essays to identify therapeutic agents that affect circadian rhythm or to study a variety of chemical, physiological, or behavioral activities associated with the circadian rhythm.

As set forth above, the amino acid residue sequence of the CLOCK polypeptide indicates that it is a transcription factor and contains a DNA binding domain. The CLOCK polypeptide, or the DNA binding domain portion thereof, can therefore be used to identify the specific DNA binding site and/or to identify agonist or antagonist substances that interfere with DNA binding of the CLOCK polypeptide. Means for accomplishing such screening assays are well known in the art.

Briefly, once the DNA binding site is identified, that DNA binding site, together with the DNA binding domain of the CLOCK polypeptide, can be exposed to a variety of agents suspected of being agonists or antagonists to DNA binding. The ability of those compounds to interfere with binding of the CLOCK polypeptides to its DNA binding site is indicative of the agonist or antagonist nature of those substances. Alternatively, the DNA binding site can be placed in an expression vector such that binding of a CLOCK polypeptide to that binding site allows for expression of a reporter gene operatively linked to the DNA binding site. The ability of compounds to inhibit or enhance expression of the reporter gene is indicative of agonist or antagonist activity.

The CLOCK polypeptide, or the DNA binding domain thereof, can also be used to screen DNA libraries to identify the specific binding site on a DNA molecule. Screening can be accomplished with genomic libraries in general or with specifically targeted portions of genomic DNA. As set forth above, for example, it is likely that the DNA binding domain of the CLOCK polypeptide binds within the promoter region of the Clock gene itself. Binding studies can therefore be targeted to this region of the Clock gene.

Once the DNA binding site of the CLOCK polypeptide has been determined, the three dimensional structure of the CLOCK polypeptide, or its DNA binding domain, bound to the target DNA site can be determined using techniques well known in the art, such as X-ray crystallography. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the bound CLOCK polypeptide will thus allow for computer aided rational drug design for identification of agonist or antagonist compounds.

The well known yeast two-hybrid system can be used to determine whether the CLOCK polypeptide interacts with another protein (heterodimerization) or with itself (homodimerization). Briefly, yeast cells are transformed with a reporter gene operatively associated with a promoter that contains a binding site for GAL 4. That same yeast is then transformed with a polynucleotide that encodes a CLOCK polypeptide of the present invention, or a dimerization domain thereof. Finally, that same yeast cell is transformed a protein expression cDNA library. Transformed yeast will only survive if the CLOCK polypeptide interacts with a second protein resulting from expression of the protein expression cDNA library and that interaction causes GAL 4 to bind to the promoter region of the reporter gene and express that reporter gene.

In yet another embodiment, compositions of the present invention can be used to screen genomic libraries in plants and animals to identify the corresponding Clock genes in these species. Identification of the Clock gene in these species is important because the growth and metabolic rate of plants and animals is known to be regulated, at least in part, by the circadian rhythm. By way of example, photosynthesis in plants is known to comprise both a light and dark reaction. Manipulation of the circadian clock in plants, therefore, can result in alteration of those light and dark reactions. Similarly, the growth rate of animals used for feed (cattle and pigs) is known to be a finction of the circadian rhythm. The ability to manipulate the circadian rhythm in those animals can thus result an enhanced growth of those important animals.

The expression of diurnal (i.e. 24-hr) rhythms is a findamental property of almost all forms of life. These rhythms are regulated by an internal “biological clock” that in many organisms, including humans, can be synchronized by the light dark cycle. This internal 24-hr clock is referred to as a “circadian clock” because in the absence of any diurnal environmental cues, the period of the clock is rarely exactly 24 hours but is instead about 24 hrs (i.e. circa diem).

The circadian clock in mammals is known to regulate 24 hour rhythms in biochemical, cellular, metabolic and behavioral activity in most, if not all, physiological systems. The following is a list of exemplary activities controlled at least in part by the circadian clock and activities that affect that clock, which can be manipulated to restore the finction of an abnormal allele of the Clock gene.

1. The circadian clock is a major regulator of the sleep-wake cycle (Borbély, 1994; Kryger et al., 1994) and many pathologic changes in the sleep wake cycle are associated with circadian rhythm disorders (Roehrs and Roth, 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock; or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any sleep disorders.

2. When people move rapidly across time zones, they suffer from a well-known syndrome, referred to as jet-lag, until their biological clock and sleep-wake cycle become resynchronized to the new time zone (Graeber, 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment ofjet-lag.

3. When people must be awake during the normal sleep period, and/or asleep during the normal wake period, they suffer decrements in health, performance and productivity as well as an increased rate of accidents (Monk, 1990; Monk, 1994; Smith et al., 1994; US Congress, September, 1991). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of disorders of time-keeping associated with having to be awake during the biological clock time of normal sleep and asleep during the biological clock time of normal wake. This coverage of the patent includes the use of Clock, and/or it's protein product for alleviating the adverse effects associated with shift work where workers are working during the time of normal sleep and sleeping during the time of normal wake.

4. The circadian clock regulates the timing of fatigue and alertness (Monk et al., 1984; Roth et al., 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for altering the cycle of fatigue and alertness, as well as for decreasing fatigue or increasing alertness by altering circadian rhythmicity.

5. Circadian rhythm disruption has been associated with many forms of altered mental states, including but not limited to depression (both unipolar and bipolar), pre-menstrual syndrome post-menopausal syndrome, and schizophrenia (Hallonquist et al., 1986; Ohta and Endo, 1985; Van Cauter and Turek, 1986; Wehr and Goodwin, 1983; Wehr et al., 1983; Wehr et al., 1979). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any mental disorders.

6. Studies have shown that the human has a pronounced cycle of mood and performance (Benca, 1994; Monk et al., 1985). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for altering the mood state or performance.

7. The circadian clock regulates the timing of many physiological and endocrine processes that when disturbed lead to various mental and physical disorders (Richter, 1979; Turek and Van Cauter, 1994; Van Cauter and Turek, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any mental and physical disorders.

8. Abnormal circadian rhythm and abnormal sleep-wake cycles have been associated with various neurological diseases (Aldrich, 1994; Bliwise, 1994; Hartmann, 1994; Hineno et al., 1992; Hyde et al., 1995; Lugaresi and Montagna, 1994; Poirel, 1991; Weltzin et al., 1991). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any neurological disorders.

9. The circadian clock regulates the timing of many physiological and endocrine processes associated with stress (Sapolsky, 1992; Tomatzky and Miczek, 1993; Van Cauter and Turek, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for relieving stress or altering the stress response in humans.

10. Many components of the cardiovascular system show rhythmic variation, and the timing of such major insults to the cardiovascular system, such as heart attack and stroke, are known to be regulated by the circadian clock system and/or be influenced by the time-of-day (Aschoff, 1992; Cohen and Muller, 1992; George, 1994; Gillis and Flemons, 1994; Maron et al., 1994; Sano et al., 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any diseases of the cardiovascular system.

11. The circadian clock plays a central role in the regulation of the diurnal cycle in feeding behavior (Rusak and Zucker, 1975). Furthermore, many components of the system involved with feeding as well as the regulation of metabolism, body fat and weight control are regulated by the circadian clock system (Benca and Casper, 1994; de Graafet al., 1993; Larsen et al., 1991; Orr, 1994; Van Cauter and Turek, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any disorders of feeding behavior as well as attempts to regulate diet and/or food intake.

12. The circadian clock regulates the timing of many physiological and endocrine events associated with diabetes (Spallone et al., 1993; Van Cauter and Turek, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of diabetes and related illnesses.

13. The circadian clock regulates the timing of many components of the immune system (Calvo et al., 1995; Constantinescu, 1995; Krueger and Kamovsky, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any disorders of the immune system.

14. For many infectious diseases, including those of viral, bacterial or parasitic origins, the circadian clock regulates the optimum time for infection to occur, as well as the response to the infection by the host organism (Walker et al., 1981). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the prevention, diagnosis and/or treatment of infectious diseases.

15. The circadian clock regulates the timing of many processes associated with reproduction (Turek and Van Cauter, 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any reproductive disorder as well as for enhancing fertility, treating infertility or for any birth control methods as well as for affecting sexual function.

16. Many of the physiological processes and hormones involved in pregnancy and parturition are regulated by the circadian clock (Turek and Van Cauter, 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for aiding in the maintenance of pregnancy and/or in the process of parturition.

17. The circadian clock regulates the timing of many components of the respiratory system (Douglas, 1994; Orem, 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or phan-naccutical approaches for the treatment of any respiratory illness.

18. There are pronounced diurnal variations in the functions of the liver (Colantonio et al., 1989; Garcia-Pag{acute over (aa)}n et al., 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of liver disease and or for altering liver finction.

19. Many components of the endocrine system undergo pronounced daily changes in fuiction (Van Cauter and Turek, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any endocrine disorders, or for altering in endocrine rhythms for any purposes.

20. The circadian clock regulates the timing of the pineal melatonin rhythm (Arendt, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for using melatonin and/or melatonin related drugs in humans for therapeutic purposes, including the use of melatonin and/or melatonin related drugs as anti-oxidants.

21. The therapeutic and toxic effects of many drugs are influenced by the time of day at which the drug is delivered and/or by the pattern of drug administration (Larsen et al., 1993; Lemmer, 1989; Walker et al., 1981). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new approaches for the use of any pharmacological agents to improve human health or welfare.

22. The therapeutic and toxic effects of many drugs are influenced by the time of day at which the drug is delivered and/or by the pattern of drug administration (Walker et al., 1981). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches in the screening of drugs for new therapeutic purposes as well as the use of Clock and its protein product for diagnostic purposes.

23. The circadian clock regulates many physiological processes that are involved in the development or suppression of many forms of cancer (Walker et al., 1981). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment or diagnosis of any cancer, as well as other forms of abnormal cell division.

24. The circadian clock regulates many of the processes associated with growth and development (Albertsson-Wlkland and Rosberg, 1988, Hokken-Koelega et al., 1990; Mirmiran et al., 1990; Van Cauter and Turek, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for influencing growth and development.

25. The circadian clock regulates processes associated with cell division (Edmunds Jr, 1988). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for influencing cell division and the cellular cycle.

26. There are major changes in the circadian clock system with advancing age, and age-related changes in the circadian clock system may underlie many of the adverse health effects associated with aging (Turek et al.,1995; Van Cauter and Turek, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of any age-related illnesses or age-related changes in human physiology.

27. Light may have many effects on the brain that are mediated through the transmission of neural information through the central circadian clock in mammals, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (Card and Moore, 1991; Meijer, 1991; Penev et al., 1997). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the use of light to alter neural activity in the brain.

28. The light-dark cycle is a major regulator of the timing of circadian rhythms that are controlled by the circadian clock of which Clock is a component (Turek, 1994; Turek and Van Reeth, 1996; Van Cauter and Turek, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches that involve the use of light or dark to shift or influence, in any way, circadian rhythm.

29. While the light-dark cycle is a major regulator of the timing of circadian rhythm in most humans, for many blind humans the light-dark cycle is not able to synchronize the circadian clock in a normal fashion (Sack et al., 1992). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of blind people.

30. The light-dark cycle influences many finctions of the retina including photoreceptor cells. Furthermore, the circadian clock regulates the timing of many genetic, molecular and cellular processes in the retina (Decker et al., 1995; LaVail, 1976; Young, 1980). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment in any fashion of retinal dysfunction.

31. The circadlan clock regulates a diurnal rhythm in mental and physical performance in animals, including humans (Benca, 1994; Monk et al., 1985; Richter, 1979; Turek and Van Cauter, 1994; Van Cauter and Turek, 1995). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for enhancing human mental and physical performance.

32. Increased exercise at certain times of the day is known to be able to shift circadian rhythms that are controlled by the circadian clock (Van Reeth et al., 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches that involve the use of exercise to shift or influence in any way circadian rhythms.

33. The disruption of normal circadian rhythmicity in intensive care facilities has been associated with decreased wellness and increased morbidity (Mann et al., 1986). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for improving the environment of intensive care facilities or the health of the subjects such facilities.

34. The circadian clock plays a central role in the regulation of diurnal rhythms in plant and animal species that are of commercial value to humans (1988; Reiter and Follett, 1980). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for enhancing the growth, development, performance, productivity, or health of such species, including those involved in the production of food for human consumption, as well as animal products used in producing apparel.

35. The circadian clock plays a central role in measuring the length of the day, which changes on an annual basis in all regions on earth outside of those close to the equator (1988; Reiter and Follett, 1980; Turek and Van Cauter, 1994). This seasonal change in day length influences the growth, development, health, reproduction, performance and productivity of many species, including humans (1988; Reiter and Follett, 1980; Turek and Van Cauter, 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for influencing any seasonal rhythms in any species, including the use of melatonin and/or melatonin related drugs to influence seasonal cyclicity.

36. The treatment of one sub-type of depression, referred to as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), has been the exposure to extra bright light during the short days of winter (Penev et al., 1997; Terman, 1994; Wetterberg, 1994). Such treatment may be effective because of the effect of light on the circadian clock system. Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches for the treatment of SAD or any other disorders that are associated with the seasonal change in daylength.

37. Since Clock is the first gene to be discovered and cloned in a mammal that is a component of the circadian clock, it will lead to the discovery of new Clock genes that have sequence homology with Clock and its protein product. Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, to discover and clone new genes, and their protein products by sequence homology (and their commercial value).

38. Since Clock is the first gene to be discovered and cloned in a mammal that is a component of the circadian clock, it will lead to the discovery of new Clock genes, and their protein products, that interact with Clock or the Clock protein product. Therefore, this patent covers the use of Clock, or its protein product, to discover new genes, and their protein products that are found by determining which genes and their protein products interact with Clock, and its protein product, in a functional way.

39. Since Clock is the first gene to be discovered and cloned in a mammal that is a component of the circadian clock, it will lead to the discovery of new Clock genes, and their protein products, that interact with Clock or the Clock protein product. Therefore, this patent covers the use of Clock, or its protein product to screen for molecules that may have sequence similarity or finctional relationships to clock or its protein product.

40. The circadian clock regulates the timing of the expression of many genes and the production of their protein products (Jacobshagen and Johnson, 1994; Lausson et al., 1989; Loros et al., 1989; Millar and Kay, 1991; Taylor, 1989). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharmaceutical approaches in the use of gene therapy where a particular gene and/or its protein product needs to be under or over-expressed.

41. The circadian clock is a major regulator of the sleep-wake cycle and many pathological changes in the sleep-wake cycle are associated with circadian rhythm disorders (Kryger et al., 1994). Therefore, this patent covers any use of Clock, or its protein product, for the development or use of new techniques and/or pharnaceutical approaches for the discovery of genes and their protein products that are involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle.

The Examples to follow illustrate particular embodiments of the present invention and are not limiting of the specification and claims in any way.

EXAMPLE 1 Isolation and Phenotypic Analysis of the Mouse Clock Mutation

Because orthologs of the canonical clock genes (period, timeless, and frequency) have not been found in mammals, and because other strategies to identify mammalian clock genes have not yet been successful, a mutagenesis screening strategy to isolate clock mutations in the mouse was initiated (Takahashi et al. 1994). Circadian behavior in the mouse is precise and easily quantitated, thus it is very well suited for genetic screening. Wild type C57BL/6J strain mice, which were used for this screen, exhibit a robust circadian rhythm of wheel running activity (Pittendnigh & Daan 1976, Schwartz & Zimmerman 1990). This behavioral assay was used to screen for mice carrying mutations that cause abnormal circadian periods in constant darkness. Because most clock mutations that have been isolated in other organisms have been semidominant (Hall & Kyniacou 1990, Dunlap 1993), dominant and semidommant mutations were screened for. Analysis of about 300 G₁ progeny of ENU-treated mice revealed one mouse that expressed a circadian period that was more than one hour longer than (and six standard deviations above) the normal period of 23.7 hours (Vitatema et al. 1994). This long period phenotype was inherited as a single-locus, semidommant, autosomal mutation, which was designated Clock.

Mice homozygous for the Clock mutation expressed extremely long circadian periods of about 28 hours for the first two weeks of exposure to constant darkness, after which there was a complete loss of circadian rhythmically. The Clock gene, thus, regulates at least two fundamental properties of the circadian clock system: the intrinsic circadian period and the persistence of circadian rhythmicity. No anatomical defects in the SCN have been observed in association with the Clock mutation (Vitatema et al. 1994), which suggests that the loss of circadian rhythmicity in constant darkness cannot be attributed to a gross anatomical or developmental defect.

In addition to the effects on period and persistence of circadian rhythms in Clock mutants, at least two other circadian effects of the mutation have been documented. The period of Clock heterozygous mice is unstable and their free-running periods tended to lengthen with time in constant darkness. In addition, the photic entrainment of Clock heterozygotes is also altered. Clock/+ mice were able to entrain to 28-hour light cycles, while wild-type mice did not. Importantly, Clock/+ mice also exhibited high-amplitude phase-resetting responses to 6-hour light pulses (Type 0 resetting) as compared to wild-type mice which exhibited low amplitude (Type 1) phase resetting. Because of their loss of rhythmically in constant conditions, phase shifts in response to light pulses could not be measured in ClockiClock homozygotes, but two findings indicate that these animals can entrain: the phase of a restored rhythm following a light pulse and the phase of the free-run following entrainment to a light dark cycle were both determined by the phase of the light signal. The increased efficacy of photic resetting stimuli and the decrease in period stability suggest that the Clock mutation may reduce circadian pacemaker amplitude in Clock heterozygotes.

To determine whether the Clock mutation affects other rhythms in mice, circadian drinking rhythms were measured. The Clock mutation affected the period and persistence of circadian drinking rhythms in a manner similar to that seen with activity suggesting that the mutation acts globally on rhythms in mice and is not restricted to locomotor activity.

The phenotype of Clock is as robust as the “best” clock mutations in Drosophila and Neurospora (Dunlap 1993). By robust is meant that the period change is on the order of 4 to 5 hours, which is followed by a complete loss of circadian rhythmicity. The magnitude of the period change in Clock homozygotes was equivalent to that seen with the per^(L) and frq⁷ alleles that also cause periods of 28-30 hours in their respective organisms (Dunlap 1993). The loss of circadian rhythmicity seen in Clock homozygotes resemble that seen in per⁰ and frq⁹ alleles, which are null mutations in those respective genes (Dunlap 1993). The robustness of Clock is important for two reasons. First, mutations that have modest effects on period length (on the order of a one-hour change in period in homozygotes) could be due to secondary effects of mutations on the circadian clock system. Second, the most robust mutants in Drosophila and Neurospora are found at the per, tim and frq loci, which are genes that appear to be critical and essential elements of the circadian mechanism in these organisms (discussed above).

EXAMPLE 2 Antimorohic Behavior of Clock Mutation

The initial analysis of the Clock mutation indicated that the mutation exhibited a semidominant phenotype (Vitatema et al. 1994). There are several possible causes of a semidominant phenotype, including the possibility that the mutation was induced in a gene that otherwise is not involved in the generation of circadian rhythms, but when mutated, interferes with the normal generation of these rhythms. To demonstrate that a particular gene is necessary for a particular biological process, one normally requires a loss-of-function allele of that gene leading to a loss of the phenotype in question. From genetic mapping (described below) it was found that Clock is contained within a radiation induced deletion on chromosome 5, W^(19H), that includes the Kit (=W, Dominant White Spotting) locus (Lyon et al. 1984). This was found by mapping the SSLP content of W^(19H) in (W^(19H) x Mus castaneous/Ei) F₁ progeny. Multiple genetic loci, mapping both proximal from and distal of Clock, are within the W^(19H) deletion, indicating that Clock maps within this deletion. Access to this deletion that encompasses Clock allowed for further analysis of the phenotypic effect of this mutation. Muller's classic analysis of Drosophila mutations (Muller 1932), as well as more recent analysis of dominant mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans (Park & Horvitz 1986), provided a framework in which to analyze the Clock mutation. Muller described five types of mutant alleles, distinguished by manipulating the copy number of the mutant and wildtype alleles (via, e.g., deletions). These are hypomorph, amorph, hypermorph, antimorph, and neomorph alleles. The circadian phenotype of W^(19H) heterozygous mice (hemizygous for the wild-type allele of Clock) is indistinguishable from the wild-type phenotype on a comparable strain background, indicating that the null allele of Clock is recessive to wild-type. By mating Clock/Clock mice to mice heterozygous for this deletion to generate F₁ progeny, it was possible to measure the phenotype of Clock/null animals (these F₁ animals are distinguishable from their Clock/+ litter mates by the presence of deletion-induced white coat color markings). Of particular intrest is the observation that the mean circadian period expressed by Clock/null animals (25.6±0.1.5 hours) is significantly longer than that of Clock/+ animals (24.2±0.05 hours, p<10⁻⁷). This indicated that the wild-type allele interacts with the Clock mutation to ameliorate the severity of the Clock mutant phenotype. This is the essential feature of an antimorphic (Muller 1932), and is in contrast to what would be expected of a neomorph mutation, in which case the wild-type allele would have no effect on the expression or severity of the mutant allele. Furthermore, because W^(19H) is large (˜2.8 cM) and because multiple loci, both proximal from and distal of Clock, lie within the deletion, it appears unlikely that the breakpoints of the deletion interact directly with the Clock gene. That Clock is an antimorph (one type of dominant negative mutation) implies that the wild-type allele finction in the normal generation of circadian rhythms in the mouse. This provides strong evidence that Clock defines a gene central to the mammalian circadian system.

The antimorphic behavior of the Clock allele provided clues about the nature of this mutation. Antimorphic behavior suggested that the mutant allele generates a molecule that competes with the wild-type finction. This, and the observation that Clock/deletion and Clock/+ have much more severe phenotypes that+/deletion; allows the conclusion that the Clock mutation is unlikely to be either a null mutation (amorph), or a partial loss of finction (hypomorph). Further, because+/deletion has no phenotype different from wild-type, the Clock phenotype does not appear to be the result of haplo-insufficiency. Perhaps most important, it is likely that the mutation conferring the altered behavior in Clock mutant mice may affect the coding sequence of the gene, due to its ability to interfere with the finction of the wild-type allele.

EXAMPLE 3 Genetic Mapping of Clock

The first step in the molecular identification of Clock locus was to map its location in the mouse genome. Given the extensive genetic mapping information available in the mouse (Takahashi et at. 1994), it was possible to map Clock rapidly by linkage analysis using intraspecific mapping crosses and simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) from the MIT/Whitehead Institute genetic map (Vitaterna et al. 1994). Clock mapped to the mid portion of mouse chromosome 5 between two SSLP markers, D5Mit24 and D5Mit83, in a region that shows conserved synteny with human chromosome 4. The possibility of a human homolog of Clock on chromosome 4 is significant because it allows for focusing attention upon this region of the genome for possible linkage to circadian traits in human subjects as well as providing a candidate gene for other disorders associated with circadian rhythm dysfimctions such as delayed sleep phase syndrome (Vignau et al. 1993) and affective disorders (Wehr & Rosenthal 1989).

In order to identify a more precise chromosomal region in which to focus physical mapping and molecular cloning efforts, a high-resolution genetic. map of the Clock region was genereated using SSLPs and 1804 meioses obtained from 6 intraspecific and 2 interspecific crosses. This SSLP mapping placed Clock close to the Kit (=W, Dominant white spotting) locus (Geissler et al. 1988b). High resolution genetic mapping, with a PruII RFLP identified using a Kit cDNA probe, placed Kit 0.7 cM (7 recombinants/988 meioses) proximal from Clock.

Using additional SSLP markers on a total of 2681 meioses, Clock has now been placed within a 0.3 cM interval, approximately 0.2 cM (5 recombinants/2681 meioses) distal of D5Mit3O7 and 0.1 cM (1 recombinant/845meioses) proximal from D5Mit/D5Mit306 (see FIG. 1). The location of this distal recombination has been confirmed in test-cross progeny.

EXAMPLE 4 Physical Mapping of the Clock Region

Based upon the high-resolution genetic map of the Clock region, a physical map which spanned the critical genetic region that must contain Clock (D5Mit307-D5Mit112) was constructed. To do this, yeast, artificial chromosome (YAC) clones that map to the region were isolated. Using a YAC library that has been pooled for PCR screening (Kusumi et al. 1993) , and SSLP markers, as well as sequence tagged sites (STSs), from the region surrounding Clock, over 40 YAC clones were isolated and a contig of ˜4 Mb that spans the Clock region (FIG. 1) was constructed. YAC clones within the critical region were characterized by end cloning and long-range restriction mapping with pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Three nonchimeric YAC clones were identified and one of these YACs, which is 930 kb, contains both flanking markers and therefore must contain Clock. Long-range restriction mapping of the reduced genetic interval D5Mit307-D5Mit112 indicated that it was about 400 kb in length (See FIG. 2). Most of this 400 kb critical region was then re-cloned in bacteria artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. BACs, which are intermediate in size (˜100-200 Kb) between YACs and cosmids, have several advantages when compared to YAC clones. Although they are generally smaller than YAC clones, BACs are rarely chimeric, they are circular clones, thus they are much easier to manipulate, and they rarely suffer recombination or deletion damage (Shizuya et al. 1992). Using direct sequencing of the ends of the BAC clones, 12 BACs were placed on the YAC physical map using STSs. Subclone libraries from these BAC clones were placed to isolate 7 new SSLP markers. One of these markers, D5NWU1 was nonrecombinant with Clock, and a second marker, D5NWU2, defined the closest distal recombinant with Clock on the genetic and physical map. Thus the critical region containing Clock was now defined by the flanking markers D5Mit307 and D5NWU2 which defined an interval less than 400 kb.

EXAMPLE 5 Transcription Unit Analysis in the Clock Region

Within the critical region containing Clock there are no known candidate genes that have previously been identified. Therefore three different approaches identifying candidate genes were initiated: 1) direct screening of SCN cDNA libraries with BAC clones as probes; 2) hybridization selection of cDNAs from SCN libraries using BAC clones as driver; and 3) shotgun sequencing random M13 libraries made from BAC clones.

The first two of these methods used a pair of oligo dT primed cDNA libraries. Tissue derived from mouse SCN region was microdissected from a total of about 100 mice at four different circadian time points (circadian time (CT) 1,7,13, and 19). For one of these libraries, poly A⁺RNA was extracted from SCN tissue collected in constant darkness at each time point. For the other library, poly A⁺RNA was extracted from SCN tissue collected at the same four time points: however, the animals were previously exposed to a 30 to 90 minute pulse of light. cDNA libraries were directionally cloned using the ZAP Express lambda vector (Stratagene). Primary library sizes were 1.7×10⁶ and 1.2×⁶ pfu, and 1×10⁶ clones from each library were plate amplified. Average insert sizes were 2.3 and 2.2 kb and raged from 600 to 5200 bp. These cDNA libraries are important resources because the SCN is very small (about 16-20,000 neurons or ˜20 g protein per mouse) and is difficult and expensive to obtain high quality mRNA samples.

A. Direct Screening of the cDNA Libraries Using Whole BAC Inserts.

Two different BAC clones were used which together cover<¾ of the critical region containing Clock. BAC DNA for probes was purified by restirction digest with Not I to release inserts and separation of field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE). BAC insert DNA was radiolabeled using random priming and the probe was preannealed with Cot-1 mouse DNA to suppress repetitive DNA sequences using methods similar to those developed for probes from entire YAC clones (Marchuk & Collins 1994). The cDNAs identified using the method were characterized in two ways. The ends of the clones were sequenced and these sequences were used to search the DNA and protein databases, using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al. 1990). Also, these cDNA clones were used as probes on a Southern blot consisting of BAC clones, restriction digested with HindIII, that map to the critical genetic region. Using these two methods, it was possible to eliminate false positive clones by identifying clones containing repetitive sequences (e.g., L1 elements) and clones that did not map to the critical genetic region (i.e., they did not hybridize to the BAC clone Southern blot). This process led to the identification of fifteen cDNA clones that fell into 6 classes of cDNA clones mapping in the Clock region. These 6 classes of clones are referred to as “H1 through H6” in (See FIG. 3).

B. cDNA Selection Experiments

The second method used to identify transcription unit sequences was an adaption of the cDNA selection protocol described by Lovett (Lovett 1994). For these experiments, SCN cDNA from lambda DNA was prepared from plate lysates from the SCN libraries described above. Lambda DNA from the cDNA library (instead of excised phagemid DNA) was used because the purification of cDNA inserts were excised by digestion with BamHI and XhoI and gel purified from lambda vector arms. cDNA was then digested with DpnII, and BamHI adapters form the representational difference analysis (RDA) method (Lisitsyn et al. 1993) were ligated. Amplicons from the cDNA fragments were then made by PCR as described in the RDA procedure. Genomic DNA from BAC clones was released with Not I digestion and inserts were purified on pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). BAC DNA was the digested with Sau3AI, and a different set of BamHI RDA adapters was ligated. Amplicons from the BAC DNA were then made by PCR using a biotin end-labeled oligonucleotide primer. cDNA and BAC amplicons were then hybridized in the presence of Cot-1 mouse genomic, ribosomal and vector DNA to suppress background. Hybrids were then captured with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads as described by Lovett. Two rounds of selection were performed and the efficiency was monitored with a positive control (spiked with c-fos clone), a negative control (jun-B) and Cot-1 DNA level.

Selected clones were then eluted and cloned into pBluescript vector. Clones were then picked into six 96-well plates. Replica filters were made and screened with the following probes: BAC 51 (positive probe), BAC 48 (negative probe), c-fos, and Cot-1 DNA. Clones that were positive for BAC 51 and negative for the other three probes were analyzed. Sixty cDNA such clones were selected. These 60 selected clones were then sequenced to identify duplicates and tested for mapping back to the Clock region on Southern blots of HindIII digested BAC clones from the critical region. Out of the 60 clones, 38 appeared valid by sequence, 14 had repetitive sequences and 8 were false positives (ribosomal or vector DNA). All 38 clones mapped to the Clock region BAC Southern blots. The selected cDNA fragments appeared to fall into about 13 classes. These fragments were then used to screen the SCN libraries to obtain longer cDNA clones. Eighteen cDNA clones that mapped to the region on by Southern blot were obtained (these clones are referred to as “C1 through C18” in FIG. 3), and these clones fell into 10 different classes of clones.

C. Shotgun Sequencing of BAC Clones

In addition to the cDNA-identifying approaches described above, random sequencing of genomic DNA were used as a third method of transcription unit analysis. With this approach: 1) a genomic scaffold (i.e., one to two-fold coverage of the region) could be used for sequenced-tagged site (STS) mapping and for finer mapping of cDNAs isolated by the first two techniques (as opposed to mapping by BAC Southern); 2) database searches using genomic sequence could identify cDNAs not found by direct screening and cDNA selection; and 3) genomic sequence would uncover new SSLP markers that could further diminish the region containing Clock Upon further consideration, selected BACs were sequenced to completion. Complete genomic sequence allowed precise mapping of STSs, exon mapping of cDNA clones, promoter analysis, and interpretation of other experiments such as BAC rescue and Southern blot analysis.

Two parametes are critical for successful shotgun sequencing project: extremely pure source DNA and a high-throughput/low-cost template preparation protocol. Two independent shotgun libraries using two BACs, which together covered about ⅔ of the Clock critical region were constructed. BAC DNA was prepared by large-scale alkaline lysis of two-liter liquid cultures followed by a two-step CsCl gradient purification using methods adpated from the C. elegans genome project (Favello et al. 1995). The second CsCl purification of plasmid (BAC) DNA was necessary to ensure low E. coli chromosomal DNA contamination. The protocol typically yielded 5-15 μg intact BAC DNA from two liters of liquid culture. 5 μg DNA were sonicated, blut-ended, and run on an agarose gel for size selection of insert DNA. The 1.3-1.7 kb range was gel-purified and blut-end ligated into M13. Ligation products were electroporated into E. coli XL1 Blue MRF' and plated; 25-fold dilution of the ligation mixture was necessary to prevent arcing during electroporation. Clear plaques were picked into SM buffer for storage.

High-throughput M13 template preparation was essential for efficient BAC sequencing. Probability theory indicates that 4× coverage of a length of DNA is necessary to achieve 98% of the complete sequenc. The number of templates needed to achive “n”X coverage is defined as $\frac{n^{*}\quad {total}\quad {length}\quad {of}\quad {DNA}}{{sequenced}\quad {length}\quad {per}\quad {template}}$

Knowing the length of the BAC DNAs (160 kb and 140 kb) and assuming 500 bases of good sequence per template, 1280 templates and 1120 templates, respectively, were needed to reach 4× coverage of each library. A magnetic bead isolation protocool adapted form Hawkins et al. (1994) in a 96-tube format was used to rapidly prepare sequence-ready M13 template. 650 μl M13 cultures were grown in 96-tube racks. Cultures were centrifuged, lysated were transferred to new tubes, and DNA was released by heat/detergent lysis of M13 protein coats. Magnetic beads and hybridization solution (2× stock: 26% PEG 8000, 20 mM MgC₁₂) were added to the tubes for selective DNA hybridization to the beads. The beads were magnetically collected and supernatant was discarded. DNA was eluted with water; the beads were magnetically collected, and the DNA was transferred to a 96-well plate for storage. This protocol typically yielded 1-2 μg sequencing template per sample; 192 templates could be prepared in about 5 hours. Fluorescence cycle sequencing was performed by an ABI PRISM Turbo 800 Molecular Biology LabStation with −21 M13 Dye Primer chemistry, and the products were run on an ABI PRISM 377 DNA sequencer. The Sequencher program (Gene Codes) removed vector sequence and low-quality sequence from each shotgun sequence and then aligned the sequences into contigs. Average sequence length was 580 bases. Each sequence was used to search BLAST databases (BLASTN-nr, BLASTN-dbEST, BLASTX-nr, and TBLASTX-dbEST) to identify Clock candidates by gene,EST, or protein homology. In addition, various gene finding programs were also used.

The 160 kb BAC was sequenced to 4× coverage and aligned into about 20 contigs of 4-30 kb each. Clones that defined the ends of contigs were. selected for “reverse sequencing”, where the opposite end of the 1.5 kb inserts was sequenced by M13 Reverse Dye Primer chemistry in an attempt to join contigs. This approach reduced the number of contigs to 12, and more importantly, it provided enough information to order all contigs by STS alignment. The 140 kb BAC has been sequenced to 3× coverage so far, and its region overlapping the 160 kb BAC provided sufficient information to reduce the number of contigs in the latter to five. Extensive sequencing of these two BACs in the Clock critical region has proven to be extremely informative: all cDNAs isolated by direct screening and by cDNA selection were physically mapped, and additional Clock candidates identified by sequence homology (designated S1 through S12 in FIG. 3). The genomic sequence provides critical information for analysis of transcription units (such as identification of exon boundaries), interpretation of BAC rescue experiments, and Clock mutation identification and analysis.

EXAMPLE 6 Transgenic Mouse Expression of BAC Clone and Phenotypic Rescue of Clock

Because the mutation was a point mutation induced by ENU, a second parallel approach using transgenic rescue to clone the Clock gene was undertaken. Transgenic mice were made by injecting BAC DNA from the clones that mapped to the Clock region. Three sets of DNA preparations were used: 1) circular full-length BAC 54 (140 kb); 2) linear NotI fragment of BAC54 (100 kb); and 3) circular full-length BAC 52 (the clone that overlaps with BAC 54 by ˜90 kb. Circular DNA was purified using alkaline lysis and cesium chloride gradient ultracentrifugation protocol described for the cosmid DNA purification with some modifications (Favello et al. 1995). The 100 kb linear NotI fragment of BAC 54 was gel-purified using pulse-field gel electrophoresis.

Isolated BAC DNA was injected at a concentration of 1 μg /μl into fertilized mouse oocytes isolated from crosses between either CD1 +/+ females and (BALB/cJ X C57BL/6J) F2 Clock/Clock males or CD +/+ females and CD1 +/+ males as described previously (See FIG. 4) (Hogan et al. 1994). Transgenic mice were identified both by PCR and Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA prepared from tall biopsies as described (Hogan et al. 1994). Out of 64 mice born from the BAC 54 injected embryos, 6 were positive for the transgene by both methods. Four mice out of 54 were positive for the 100 kb linear fragment of BAC 54, and 2 out of 12 born were positive for BAC 52 DNA ( See Table 2).

TABLE 2 Summary of BAC Transgenic Mice Lines Transgene Transgenic Founder copy line genotype DNA injected number Transmittance TG14 Clock/+ BAC54 circular 2-3 50% DNA, 140 kb TG36 Clock/+ BAC54 circular 3-4 50% DNA circular k-b TG55 +/+ BAC54 circular  8-10 50% DNA circular k-b TG60 +/30 BAC54 circular 1 50% DNA, 140 kb TG19 +/+ BAC54 circular N/D 50% DNA, 140 kb TG48 Clock/+ BAC54 circular N/D 13% DNA, 140 kb TG80 +/+ BAC54 100 kb 2-3 50% linear Not1 - fragment TG97 BAC54 100 kb 10-12 50% linear Not I - fragment TG98 +/+ BAC54 100 kb ND 50% linear Not1 - fragment TG91 Clock/4 BAC54 100 kb ND 10% linear Not1 - fragment TG121 Clock/+ BAC52 circular 1 50% DNA, 160 kb TG126 Clock/+ BAC52 circular 4-5 50% DNA, 160 kb

Mice postive for the transgene integration by both methods were crossed to either Clockl+ females (for male founders ) or Clock/Clock males (for female founders ). F1 progeny from these crosses were 1) tested for the presence of the transgene, 2) genotyped for Clock locus by flanking SSLP markers, and 3) wheel-tested for circadian phenotype as described previously (Vitaterna et al. 1994). Results of the phenotypic assay are summarized in Table 3. Circadian period length from each mouse was calculated for the 20-day interval during the exposure to constant darkness by a Chi² periodogram analysis.

Four lines generated from BAC 54 injections (TG14, 36, 55, 60) showed complete rescue of the Clock mutant phenotype both in heterozygous and homozygous Clock mutant animals. An example is provided for line TG36 which is representative of this group. The breeding scheme used in the experiment in shown in FIG. 5. Activity records showed the phenotypic rescue with BAC 54 transgene in Clock homozygotes. As described above, the Clock mutation has been shown to lengthen circadian period by 1 hr in heterozygotes and by 4 hr in homozygotes. All transgenic animals that were genotyped as Clock/+ or Clock/Clock from these four lines showed a circadian period similar to wild type (Table 3). This result demonstrates that the Clock gene is localized within the 140 kb BAC clone.

To reduce this interval to a single gene, the transgenic functional assay was performed with a smaller DNA fragment (BAC 54 100 kb linear fragment) and an overlapping BAC clone (160 kb BAC 52 clone). Both of these genomic fragments failed to rescue the Clock mutation (Table 3).

Trasgenic Line +/+ ++/tg Clock/+ Clock/+ tg Clock/Clock Clock/Clock tg TG14 N/A N/A 24.22 ± 0.183 23.08 ± 0.146 27.06 ± 0.314 23.27 ± 0.099 n = 5 n = 7 n = 7 n = 9 TG36 23.48 ± 0.048 22.89 ± 0.05 24.18 ± 0.053 23.21 ± 0.047 27.36 ± 0.282 23.18 ± 0.082 n = 11 n = 10 n = 20 n = 20 n = 8 n = 14 TG55 23.41 ± 0.091 22.92 ± 0.137 24.12 ± 0.21  22.77 ± 0.099 N/A N/A n = 10 n = 8 n = 8 n = 7 TG60 N/A N/A 23.91 ± 0.1  23.13 ± 0.122 N/A N/A n = 13 n = 6 TG80 23.44 ± 0.101 23.50 ± 0.07 23.92 ± 0.125 23.64 ± 0.083 N/A N/A n = 18 n = 5 n = 19 n = 4 TG97 N/A N/A 23.93 ± 0.04  26.67 ± 0.065 N/A N/A n = 4 n = 7 TG121 23.5O ± 0.142 23.66 ± 0.125 23.99 ± 0.11  23.96 ± 0.032 26.83 ± 0.4  26.87 ± 0.161 n = 4 n = 2 n = 13 n = 5 n = 2 n = 4

Taken together, the results from all of these transgenic rescue experiments are consistent with only a single gene in the 140 kb BAC clone which we describe below.

EXAMPLE 7 mRNA Expression, Sequence and Structure of the Clock Gene

The mRNA expression of candidate genes was screened by Northern analysis in Clock mutant vs. wild-type mice. This led to the observation of reduced mRNA expression of a candidate M13 clone with a PAS domain sequence first recognized by shotgun sequencing. This M13 genomic clone contained exons from a transcription unit that we subsequently identified as the Clock gene. There are two major transcripts from the Clock locus of ˜8 and ˜11 kb (using the cDNA clones, YZ50 or YZ54, as a probe on Northern blots). There was a reduction in the abundance of both transcripts in the hypothalamus and eye of homozygous Clock mutants as compared to wild type mice. In addition, there was also a diurnal rhythm in the level of Clock mRNA in wild-type mice in both the hypothalamus and eye with high levels in the day and low levels at night. This rhythm in Clock mRNA is consistent with the presence of circadian oscillators in both of these tissues (i.e., the suprachiasmatic nucleus and retina). In situ hybridization revealed that the expression of Clock mRNA is enriched in the SCN with lower levels in other regions of the brain. Taken together the reduced mRNA expression in Clock mutants, the diurnal rhythm in mRNA abundance in the hypothalamus and the eye, and the enrichment of mRNA expression in the SCN all strongly suggested that this candidate gene encoded Clock. No other candidate genes revealed any changes in mRNA expression on Northern blots. This led to further analysis of this PAS domain candidate gene including the elucidation of the entire gene, analysis and the exon-intron structure of the gene, sequencing of cDNA clones expressed from the gene, identification of coding sequence of cDNA clones expressed from the gene, identification of the coding sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the CLOCK protein.

FIG. 6 shows a diagram of the physical extent and location of the Clock gene. Based on a set of 10 classes of cDNA clones from the gene, the transcribed region of the Clock gene spans over 90 kb of genomic sequence and 5 contains 24 exons. Two of the exons (exons 1A and 1B) are distal to the NotI site in BAC 54, and thus the 100 kb fragment from BAC 54 and 160 kb clone of BAC 52 do not contain the 5′ region of the Clock gene. Because of its substantial size, the Clock gene is the only transcription unit in BAC 54 that can account for the results of the transgenic rescue experiments. Based upon the physical location of this gene and the rescue experiments, we can conclude that this candidate gene encodes Clock.

The exon structure of Clock is shown in FIG. 7. Ten classes of cDNA clones have been found. There is alternative use of exons 1A and 1B in clones YZ50, L8 and YZ80. In addition there is alternative splicing of exons 18 which can be seen in clone L7c, which also has a deletion of exon 19 caused by the Clock mutation (described below)

The complete nucleotide sequence of Clock based upon genomic exon sequences is shown in FIGS. 8A-8M. The sequences of individual exons are shown in FIGS. 9A-9Z. The splice donor and acceptor site sequences are shown for the intron/exon boundaries in FIG. 10. There is an open reading frame of 2568 base pairs between nucleotides 389 and 2953 which encodes a 855 amino acid conceptually translated protein (called CLOCK). Following the coding sequence, which terminates with a TAG codon in Exon 23, there is a very long 3′ untranslated sequence that terminates at ˜7500 bp (defined by a subset of cDNA clones with poly A tails at this location), and additional 3′ untranslated sequence that continues for another ˜2500 bp to form a second transcript of ˜10 kb. The 7.5 kb and 10 kb transcripts based on cDNA and genomic sequence correspond well with the −8 kb and −11 kb mRNA transcripts estimated from Northern blots.

The Clock gene encodes a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) ˜PAS domain family of proteins. A search of the NCBI database using BLASTN shows that the Clock nucleotide sequence is most similar to human MOP4 (68% identical), human N-PAS2 (69% identical) and mouse NPAS2 (67% identical). A search of the NCBI database with the conceptually translated protein sequence using BLASTX shows a similarity to these same three proteins as well as weaker similarity with a large number of bHLH-PAS proteins. An amino acid alignment of CLOCK with human NPAS2 and mouse NPAS2 is shown in FIG. 11. There is sequence similarity among the three proteins in the basic helix-loop-helix domain as well as the entire PAS domain. In addition, there are serine-rich and glutamine-rich regions that are well conserved in the midportion and C-terminal region of the proteins. Unlike NPAS2, however, CLOCK has a poly-glutamine stretch near the C-terminus.

In the sequence of the mutant Clock allele, there is a single nucleotide base substitution from A to T that alters the third position of the 5′ (donor) splice site of exon 19. This changes the consensus sequence at this splice site from gt a to gtt, which is known in the art to cause exon skipping (Krawczak, M., J. Reiss, D. N. Cooper, Human Genetics 90 :41-54, 1992). As shown in FIG. 10, 20 out of 22 donor splice sites in the Clock gene have the consensus sequence gta and the remaining 2 sites are gtg, which is also consistent with a purine at the third position, The A to T point mutation in the mutant Clock allele is consistent with that expected from an ENU-induced mutation (Provost and Short, 1994). In the case of Clock, this leads to a deletion of exon 19. The deletion of exon 19 causes a deletion of 51 amino acids (corresponding to amino acids numbers 514 to 564 in SEQ ID NO: 2). FIG. 12 shows the amino acid sequence of CLOCK with the bHLH, PAS-A and PAS-B domains as well as the deletion in the mutant. FIG. 13 shows the exon 18 alternatively spliced version of a Clock, which leads to removal of 30 amino acids (corresponding to amino acids numbers 484 to 513 in SEQ ID NO: 2). Both the wild-type and mutant versions of the ClockmRNA and protein, express an isoform missing exon 18. Thus, at least 4 different coding versions of CLOCK have been identified.

The deduced amino acid sequence of the Clock gene product provides insights about its function as a transciption factor. The basic region of the bHLH domain is known to mediate DNA binding and shows that CLOCK likely interacts directly with DNA. The HLH and PAS domains are each known to be protein dimenization domains and predict that CLOCK can interact directly either with itself or with other bHLH or PAS proteins. The C-terminal region of CLOCK has a number of glutamine-rich, proline-rich and serine-rich stretches that are characteristic of activation domain transcription factors.

EXAMPLE 8 Human Clock Gene And Gene Product

The Clock gene regulates circadian rhythms in mice. To date, it is the only known gene with this function that has been isolated at the molecular level in a mammal. Here, we describe how we cloned the human homologue of Clock, and we disclose both the nucleotide sequence of its coding and 5′ untranslated regions as well as the deduced amino acid sequence of its protein product. To achieve these ends we pursued in parallel two strategies: we sequenced several human clones identified by end-sequence in the NCBI database, and we screened a human cDNA library to isolate novel clones that hybridized with a probe of the mouse Clock gene.

In the course of our studies of Clock we had searched the NCBI nucleotide database and identified 4 cDNA clones (150328, 328936, 754816, 768552) whose expressed sequence tags (ESTs) indicated they were likely human homologues of the Clock gene. We obtained these clones from their distributor (Research Genetics, Huntsville, Ala.) and sequenced them. DNA sequence alignments to the mouse Clock transcript indicated that the clones fell into three classes that extended discontinuously from the middle of gene's open reading frame to its 3′ end and untranslated region.

Simultaneously, we screened 10⁶ clones from a commercially prepared library (Clontech) of human hypothalamic cDNAs contained the lambda gt 10 vector. The library is both oligo dT and random primed with insert sizes that range from 0.8 to 4 kb around a mean of 1.7 kb. The protocol for the screen was as follows: we random primed probe (DECAprime II, Ambion) from a phagemid clone of mouse Clock (YZ 50) cut with Sac 1 and Not 1 restriction endonucleases (NEB); we prehybridized filters for 8 hours in a buffer solution containing 6×SSC, 2×Denhardt's solution, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% SDS, and 150 g/ml of boiled sheared salmon sperm; and then hybridized the filters for a further 24 hours at 55 C. in fresh hybridization solution with added probe. Following hybridization we washed the filters twice for 30 minutes at room temperature in a solution of 2×SSC/0.1% SDS; and then performed successive washes for 30 minutes each at 55 C. in solutions of 2×SSC/0.1% SDS, 1×SSC/0.1% SDS, and 0.5×SSC/0.1% SDS. With this treatment we identified on the initial round of screening 43 plaques that generated hybridization signals. We picked and plaque purified 24 of these, and then for 13 of the 24 prepared vector DNA from phage lysate. With sequencing primers flanking the vector's cloning site, we sequenced the inserts of these clones in fluorescent dye terminator reactions run on an ABI PRISM 377 DNA sequencer. DNA sequence alignments to the mouse Clock transcript, as well as database searches with the BLASTN algorithm, revealed that all 13 clones were derived from the human homologue of the Clock gene. We subsequently subcloned a subset of these clones into a pBluescript plasmid vector and re-confirmed their identify by sequence analysis.

Further DNA sequence alignments to the transcript of the mouse Clock gene revealed that the consensus sequence from the aggregate of the existing EST and hypothalamic clones extended through the gene's entire coding region and into much of its flanking 5′ and 3′ untranslated ends (FIG. 16). FIG. 14 records 3546 nucleotides of the sequence of the human Clock gene: the open reading frame extends for 2538 base pairs between nucleotides 418 and 2955 and is about 89% identical to the mouse orthologue. It encodes the conceptually translated protein, CLOCK, of 846 amino acids. FIG. 14 records the deduced amino acid sequence of the gene: CLOCK is 96% identical to its mouse orthologue and it retains all the domains that originally suggested its molecular function in the mouse: HLH and PAS protein dimerization domains; a basic region adjacent to the helix loop helix domain known to mediate DNA binding; and a characteristic glutamine rich region in the C terminus, indicating that CLOCK, in humans as in mice, is likely a transcription factor (FIG. 15).

Our successful effort to isolate this the first known human circadian gene promises to provide insight into the molecular and genetic basis of normative circadian physiology. More immediately, however, the human Clock gene will become a timely candidate for the genetic analysis of the circadian pathophysiology implicated in disorders of sleep, affect, and endocrinology.

The disclosures listed below and all other disclosures cited herein are incorporated into the specification by reference.

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55 1 7498 DNA Mus musculus 1 ggggaggagc gcggcggtag cggtgaattt tgaggggtgg gtcgggggcg cgcactcgcc 60 gcccctggtg ctgccggctc ccggagccgt ggcgtgtccc tgctgtcgcc gctcggctgt 120 cgcgagccgc cgcgggcaga gtcccgggcg ggggagggag gaagccggag cctcaggcac 180 gtgaaagaaa agcacaagaa gaaactttta caggcgttgt tgattggact agggcaacga 240 ttcccaaaat caccagcaag agttctgatg gtcagtcaca cagaagacgg ccttgcgtct 300 gtgggtgttg gagactccat tctaaagata taaaaagtga aagaggagaa gtacaaatgt 360 ctaccacaag acgaaaacat aatgtgttat ggtgtttacc gtaagctgta gtaaaatgag 420 ctcaattgtt gacagagatg acagtagtat ttttgatgga ttggtggaag aagatgacaa 480 ggacaaagca aaaagagtat ctagaaacaa atcagaaaag aaacgtagag atcagttcaa 540 tgtcctcatt aaggagctgg ggtctatgct tcctggtaac gcgagaaaga tggacaagtc 600 tactgttcta cagaagagca ttgatttttt gcgcaaacat aaagagacca ctgcacagtc 660 agatgctagt gagattcgac aggactggaa acccacattc cttagtaatg aagagtttac 720 acagttaatg ttagaggctc ttgatggttt ttttttagcg atcatgacag atggaagtat 780 aatatatgta tctgagagtg taacttcgtt acttgaacat ttaccatctg atcttgtgga 840 tcaaagtata tttaatttta tcccagaggg agaacattca gaggtttata agatactctc 900 tactcatctg ctggaaagtg actcattaac ccctgagtac ttaaaatcaa aaaatcagtt 960 agaattctgt tgtcacatgc ttcgaggaac aatagaccca aaggagccat ccacctatga 1020 atatgtgaga tttataggaa attttaaatc tttaaccagt gtatcaactt caacacacaa 1080 tggttttgaa ggaactatac aacgcacaca taggccttct tatgaagata gagtttgttt 1140 tgtagctact gtcagattag ctacacctca gttcatcaag gaaatgtgta ctgttgaaga 1200 accaaatgaa gagtttacat ctagacacag tttagaatgg aagtttctat ttttagatca 1260 cagggcacca ccaataatag gctatttgcc atttgaagtc ttgggaacat caggctatga 1320 ttactatcat gtggatgacc tagaaaatct ggcaaaatgt cacgagcact taatgcaata 1380 tggaaaaggc aaatcgtgtt actatagatt cctgaccaaa ggccagcagt ggatatggct 1440 tcagactcat tattatatta cttaccatca gtggaattca aggccagagt tcattgtttg 1500 tactcacact gtagtaagtt atgcagaagt tagggctgaa agacggcgag aacttggcat 1560 tgaagagtct cttcctgaga cagctgctga caaaagccaa gattctgggt ctgacaatcg 1620 tatcaacaca gtgagtctca aggaagcact ggaaaggttt gatcacagcc caactccttc 1680 tgcctcctct agaagctcac gaaagtcatc tcacaccgca gtctcagacc cttcctccac 1740 accgacaaag atccctactg atactagcac tcctcccaga cagcatttgc cagctcatga 1800 aaagatgaca cagcggaggt cgtccttcag cagtcagtcc ataaactccc agtcagttgg 1860 tccatcatta acacagccag cgatgtctca agctgcaaat ttaccaattc cacaaggcat 1920 gtcacagttt cagttttcag ctcagttagg agccatgcag catctaaaag accagctaga 1980 gcagcggaca cggatgatag aggcaaatat tcatcggcag caagaagaac taaggaaaat 2040 tcaagagcaa cttcagatgg tccatggtca agggctacag atgtttttgc agcaatcaaa 2100 ccctggattg aattttggtt ctgttcaact ttcctctgga aattctaata tccagcagct 2160 cacacctgta aatatgcaag gccaggttgt ccctgctaac caggttcaga gtggacatat 2220 cagcacaggc cagcacatga tacagcaaca gactttacaa agtacatcaa ctcagcagag 2280 tcaacagagt gtaatgagtg gacacagtca gcagacgtct cttccaagtc agacaccgag 2340 cactctcaca gccccactgt acaatacgat ggtgatttcc cagcctgcag ctgggagcat 2400 ggtccagatt ccatccagta tgccacagaa cagtacccag agtgctacag tcactacgtt 2460 cactcaggac agacagataa gattttctca aggtcagcaa cttgtgacca aattagtgac 2520 tgctcctgta gcttgtgggg ccgtcatggt accaagtacc atgcttatgg gtcaggtggt 2580 gactgcctat cctaccttcg ccacacaaca gcagcaggca cagacattat cggtaacaca 2640 acagcagcag cagcagcagc agcagccacc acagcaacag caacaacaac agcagagttc 2700 ccaggaacag cagcttcctt cagttcagca gccagctcag gcccagctgg gccagccacc 2760 acagcagttc ttacagacat ctaggttgct ccacgggaat ccttcgacac agctcatcct 2820 ctctgctgcc tttccactac aacagagcac tttccctcct tcgcaccacc agcaacacca 2880 gcctcagcag caacagcagc ttcctcggca caggactgac agcctgactg acccttccaa 2940 ggtccagcca cagtagcaca cacacttcct ctctgacatg cgagaggaag gggatggcca 3000 gaaagaatcg ctcagttggc atgcggtcag aagttgaaca gtttcacgag ggtggtcttg 3060 agtgttcagt cccttgatga gacggtaggg aagtgctgcc cagtgcttca gatgtccatt 3120 aaataccagc cagtgggaaa tggtcatagg gacacagcca attctgacag tttctttgcc 3180 caggtatttt ttgatagaaa gagtatattg ccaaatgcta acaagctcag ctatcaacca 3240 gatctttact gaatccgaag agcactaaca gtgttggtag ctttagtggg tctgtgcctg 3300 catcaaatat tacagagggc acaccactgc caggggtttg cttagaatgc catgaagata 3360 gtccagtagt taatagtccc caccccaaac tcctctccct gttcagacaa tgatggaacc 3420 gtgatgactt tgagaatgtt gtgcaggttt gaattcactg tgtacagatg ctgtagtgtc 3480 tctgtgtctg gatggaggag agaaagccac tttgatacag aaagcattat ctgtccctca 3540 caggtatgag tgcatttcat taggtttgac accatgtaca aactgataac aacctctctt 3600 ttttcatttt gtttacaaca cagtagtgtt ctcgttactt ttccagggca caagtctttt 3660 tgtccgtgct ttggctgtga tgtcacagtt tgttcagtga ggtaacaatg tgctgctggg 3720 aatggatttt tttaaggtta aattattgct acatttccac ttactcagaa atatccctta 3780 tttcattatt tttcaattat gtttgagaga attgcactgc tttattattt tagatggttg 3840 gttgagagtt taatcacata ttttgatata tttcatagtt ggaatattta tgtaaatggt 3900 tttcaacaag cctgaaagta atttcaagaa tgtttcagtt gtaagagtaa agtttgcaca 3960 caaaacattt taggcacttt tttaacattc tcagaggtgg gaattttaac ttttaggatt 4020 tgttggaatc tttttattat ctttaaaaat ttcaatgctt cttttagtca gaaatgattc 4080 agggttattt gaggggaaaa aacccatagt gccttgattt taattcaggt gataactcac 4140 catcttgaat tcattgtctg gtttcagtag cagttttgaa accttagtac atttttagca 4200 gcagtgtcat tctcaagtcc ccatgaggac tgctgcgtct cttgggctgc ctgacagcgt 4260 cacagctggg aatgggatcc caaaatcgtt tcctgtttgc atcttcctct aaagctaagt 4320 aactctttta ggaattacca gtaaatactt gctcagagac aagggacaag ttgtctttaa 4380 ttttcattgc agcactagaa taatgtaact cacatgcttt ttaaacatta agatttcatt 4440 tggcaatatc attctctaca ggtaataaac tccaacaaag ctacatacat tttaaaaggc 4500 atttttttag attttatggt actaataatg agtttttcaa ttaaagaaca aaagatcagt 4560 aggatataga atatcaagta ttactgagaa aagggaggat aagtgtggca cattagaatt 4620 gaccttaaaa ggaaagtatg tgatggtgag gtgctaaact ggtttcagca gtgcagataa 4680 cctaaggcag agttgctaga tcagggcttg gggaactcgg agtcagctat ctgtctctag 4740 ctttgctctc atcatcagta agtgtgtctt tgttttcctg tttacctgac tgcaattaag 4800 ttagcaagtt agtgataaaa agaaaacaac caaagaaaat tggtacctac tcttctgcgt 4860 aagaagtgtg tctagatacc agtcagtaac tcacatatca cagaagttct tctagctgac 4920 attcatacga ataccagaaa tagttgtgag aatacacatt tatgcaagtt tgtgcacacg 4980 tgacgaaatc aatgtaagtc gagcacccac attgcttttc tcccttccac attgccttct 5040 tctctttggc cattccatgt cctcggagtc ggagctgtgc ctcgtttatc tttttgcatc 5100 acatagcgat aagaatttag ctacaggaga tacaacatgc tagttatgta atgcctgctg 5160 ttcttcacag ttcatctccc tgcttaaaag tagcagttga taagaaactc tagctgctaa 5220 ggctgctgtc cacacggaga tgcatgctgg gcaacagttg tcagcactag ctgcctctta 5280 gctccttaat tcttggttcc tttggatggc aaactgtctt tgtctgctcc ccacacgact 5340 ccagtattct gaagaaagtt catcttttgc ctgttcattt ctgtagccaa agctgactga 5400 aaccccaaat ctaaatcatg aaaagatacc aaaaagaaac acttctcagc ttcttagaaa 5460 ccttaacttc tcttgctgta tttcatggat ttgattttct ttgaaatttt tgattctggg 5520 cagcgccttt taattaagaa attgttagga tgaaggtcaa acaggttctc attgccctgc 5580 aggtaccttg ctctggactg cttctgtatg gggtgacttg gggttgctga acacacagga 5640 ttagaacagt aaacacaaag ctgcccttga ggctggcgtt aaaccagagc ctcaatattg 5700 aaaatatcaa gtcctctttc cttccttaga gacgagactg tgagaggaaa gcaactgtgg 5760 taggtgggct tgcttgcaca tgagcaccaa gaccattccc caagctctat cctcagggta 5820 gcatttagag tgctgtgttc tgctgtcaca tagacatggc ttagggatgt agcactaata 5880 aaagaatgcc cgtgcttttg aatagttgtg atagcaaact ctaggctaac tagcaagtgt 5940 ttgaattctg tgtgctgtat agtagttggt cattgcctta aagcagtctc ttggaagttg 6000 ggagcactga agcagtccaa ccatatatgg gcatcacgtt gagggagatg agccttgttc 6060 aagccttaga aaggaccctt agtctacaca ggtagattct tttcacttgg atattactgt 6120 gtttaaaatg tttccactat gttgaggcag ttttttaaag tggaacacag ataggatttt 6180 tagtatttct ttttttgttt ctttggtgat taaaggtttg ttggtagaca tttgtgtaaa 6240 agttgttcaa gcctatcatc tttccagtac ttgtggtcct gttcttagta ccagagtcca 6300 caatggaaag tgtaaacact ggatattaat attgctgagg gtgcatagcc aggtgtgagc 6360 tgactggaac ttctcagtgg tgaagaaaca gcacaacggc acttgccatt ttcatagtga 6420 ttgcataaag agaccttcta agtttgtctg gattgagtga acactcttct aagaggagct 6480 tctcaagtaa atgcaaagga aaagagttga ctatttttat agcatattta atatatttgt 6540 atataactat gagtgtagta ggaaccctcc acatgcctcc cacttttcta attccctccc 6600 cttctgccgt agccctagtc cagcctcatc cgcatgggta atgtgcctac tgtcagccta 6660 cctaccaaaa gatagtgctg ctgctttctg agacaggtga gatcagactc tcatgcctgg 6720 ggatccttat gggaggaata gcacacactt agaacaacat accacagttt aagagcatca 6780 ttttgaaagg taataagcac tttattgcaa ttattcattt agataaagtt tgtatcttag 6840 gcattaaccg tttttaaagg atccctaatc atcacttagg tgaaatgata aacgacacat 6900 ttctgagaaa tgttcaggtc cagtgaaccg tagcaggttt atgggaatga tttcaaggta 6960 gccaaataaa ctctgacttt tgttttgaat gtggtggagt caggagattg tagatgtgta 7020 gtttgattta aacactattg taaacctatc ttgcctattg tgtggacacc aaaagagacc 7080 aatgagcctg tttattttca gaggtctagg aatatgcatc tgtctgagta gatatacaga 7140 actaatctat aaacggttgg tagtaatatt ttaggataca gtaacttaaa gaattattga 7200 gtgttttaaa tgtgccctga aatgttggca tgtcatttca gcgttcccat ttgagttgct 7260 cttgtaatat ttttgcacaa aaaggactga gaaaagactg ctttggttga agaaaactat 7320 aatttggtct tattttaatg tctcctgtgg aaacactgga ggtaaatttg ttggcatagt 7380 tactaattca ggatatttaa aacagtgttg aacagctcat cagaaattaa gcaaacttat 7440 atatttaaaa attaaaaatc tttttttcca tgtgactgaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa 7498 2 855 PRT Mus musculus 2 Met Val Phe Thr Val Ser Cys Ser Lys Met Ser Ser Ile Val Asp Arg 1 5 10 15 Asp Asp Ser Ser Ile Phe Asp Gly Leu Val Glu Glu Asp Asp Lys Asp 20 25 30 Lys Ala Lys Arg Val Ser Arg Asn Lys Ser Glu Lys Lys Arg Arg Asp 35 40 45 Gln Phe Asn Val Leu Ile Lys Glu Leu Gly Ser Met Leu Pro Gly Asn 50 55 60 Ala Arg Lys Met Asp Lys Ser Thr Val Leu Gln Lys Ser Ile Asp Phe 65 70 75 80 Leu Arg Lys His Lys Glu Thr Thr Ala Gln Ser Asp Ala Ser Glu Ile 85 90 95 Arg Gln Asp Trp Lys Pro Thr Phe Leu Ser Asn Glu Glu Phe Thr Gln 100 105 110 Leu Met Leu Glu Ala Leu Asp Gly Phe Phe Leu Ala Ile Met Thr Asp 115 120 125 Gly Ser Ile Ile Tyr Val Ser Glu Ser Val Thr Ser Leu Leu Glu His 130 135 140 Leu Pro Ser Asp Leu Val Asp Gln Ser Ile Phe Asn Phe Ile Pro Glu 145 150 155 160 Gly Glu His Ser Glu Val Tyr Lys Ile Leu Ser Thr His Leu Leu Glu 165 170 175 Ser Asp Ser Leu Thr Pro Glu Tyr Leu Lys Ser Lys Asn Gln Leu Glu 180 185 190 Phe Cys Cys His Met Leu Arg Gly Thr Ile Asp Pro Lys Glu Pro Ser 195 200 205 Thr Tyr Glu Tyr Val Arg Phe Ile Gly Asn Phe Lys Ser Leu Thr Ser 210 215 220 Val Ser Thr Ser Thr His Asn Gly Phe Glu Gly Thr Ile Gln Arg Thr 225 230 235 240 His Arg Pro Ser Tyr Glu Asp Arg Val Cys Phe Val Ala Thr Val Arg 245 250 255 Leu Ala Thr Pro Gln Phe Ile Lys Glu Met Cys Thr Val Glu Glu Pro 260 265 270 Asn Glu Glu Phe Thr Ser Arg His Ser Leu Glu Trp Lys Phe Leu Phe 275 280 285 Leu Asp His Arg Ala Pro Pro Ile Ile Gly Tyr Leu Pro Phe Glu Val 290 295 300 Leu Gly Thr Ser Gly Tyr Asp Tyr Tyr His Val Asp Asp Leu Glu Asn 305 310 315 320 Leu Ala Lys Cys His Glu His Leu Met Gln Tyr Gly Lys Gly Lys Ser 325 330 335 Cys Tyr Tyr Arg Phe Leu Thr Lys Gly Gln Gln Trp Ile Trp Leu Gln 340 345 350 Thr His Tyr Tyr Ile Thr Tyr His Gln Trp Asn Ser Arg Pro Glu Phe 355 360 365 Ile Val Cys Thr His Thr Val Val Ser Tyr Ala Glu Val Arg Ala Glu 370 375 380 Arg Arg Arg Glu Leu Gly Ile Glu Glu Ser Leu Pro Glu Thr Ala Ala 385 390 395 400 Asp Lys Ser Gln Asp Ser Gly Ser Asp Asn Arg Ile Asn Thr Val Ser 405 410 415 Leu Lys Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg Phe Asp His Ser Pro Thr Pro Ser Ala 420 425 430 Ser Ser Arg Ser Ser Arg Lys Ser Ser His Thr Ala Val Ser Asp Pro 435 440 445 Ser Ser Thr Pro Thr Lys Ile Pro Thr Asp Thr Ser Thr Pro Pro Arg 450 455 460 Gln His Leu Pro Ala His Glu Lys Met Thr Gln Arg Arg Ser Ser Phe 465 470 475 480 Ser Ser Gln Ser Ile Asn Ser Gln Ser Val Gly Pro Ser Leu Thr Gln 485 490 495 Pro Ala Met Ser Gln Ala Ala Asn Leu Pro Ile Pro Gln Gly Met Ser 500 505 510 Gln Phe Gln Phe Ser Ala Gln Leu Gly Ala Met Gln His Leu Lys Asp 515 520 525 Gln Leu Glu Gln Arg Thr Arg Met Ile Glu Ala Asn Ile His Arg Gln 530 535 540 Gln Glu Glu Leu Arg Lys Ile Gln Glu Gln Leu Gln Met Val His Gly 545 550 555 560 Gln Gly Leu Gln Met Phe Leu Gln Gln Ser Asn Pro Gly Leu Asn Phe 565 570 575 Gly Ser Val Gln Leu Ser Ser Gly Asn Ser Asn Ile Gln Gln Leu Thr 580 585 590 Pro Val Asn Met Gln Gly Gln Val Val Pro Ala Asn Gln Val Gln Ser 595 600 605 Gly His Ile Ser Thr Gly Gln His Met Ile Gln Gln Gln Thr Leu Gln 610 615 620 Ser Thr Ser Thr Gln Gln Ser Gln Gln Ser Val Met Ser Gly His Ser 625 630 635 640 Gln Gln Thr Ser Leu Pro Ser Gln Thr Pro Ser Thr Leu Thr Ala Pro 645 650 655 Leu Tyr Asn Thr Met Val Ile Ser Gln Pro Ala Ala Gly Ser Met Val 660 665 670 Gln Ile Pro Ser Ser Met Pro Gln Asn Ser Thr Gln Ser Ala Thr Val 675 680 685 Thr Thr Phe Thr Gln Asp Arg Gln Ile Arg Phe Ser Gln Gly Gln Gln 690 695 700 Leu Val Thr Lys Leu Val Thr Ala Pro Val Ala Cys Gly Ala Val Met 705 710 715 720 Val Pro Ser Thr Met Leu Met Gly Gln Val Val Thr Ala Tyr Pro Thr 725 730 735 Phe Ala Thr Gln Gln Gln Gln Ala Gln Thr Leu Ser Val Thr Gln Gln 740 745 750 Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Pro Pro Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln 755 760 765 Gln Ser Ser Gln Glu Gln Gln Leu Pro Ser Val Gln Gln Pro Ala Gln 770 775 780 Ala Gln Leu Gly Gln Pro Pro Gln Gln Phe Leu Gln Thr Ser Arg Leu 785 790 795 800 Leu His Gly Asn Pro Ser Thr Gln Leu Ile Leu Ser Ala Ala Phe Pro 805 810 815 Leu Gln Gln Ser Thr Phe Pro Pro Ser His His Gln Gln His Gln Pro 820 825 830 Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Leu Pro Arg His Arg Thr Asp Ser Leu Thr Asp 835 840 845 Pro Ser Lys Val Gln Pro Gln 850 855 3 70 DNA Mus musculus 3 gctggagaga ggaaaccccg gacggcgaga gcgcgaagga aatctggccg ccgccgcgca 60 cgcgctcccg 70 4 18 DNA Mus musculus 4 gcgctcccgg tgagtgcg 18 5 18 DNA Mus musculus 5 tcaggcacgg tgaggacg 18 6 18 DNA Mus musculus 6 accagcaagg taatttcc 18 7 18 DNA Mus musculus 7 gtgaaagagg taaaggcg 18 8 18 DNA Mus musculus 8 tgttgacagg tatgtttt 18 9 18 DNA Mus musculus 9 agcaaaaagg tagttagc 18 10 18 DNA Mus musculus 10 aacataaagg taaagtgc 18 11 18 DNA Mus musculus 11 atgttagagg tatgttca 18 12 18 DNA Mus musculus 12 catttaccag taagtatg 18 13 18 DNA Mus musculus 13 acttaaaatg taagtagg 18 14 18 DNA Mus musculus 14 taaccagtgg taagttaa 18 15 18 DNA Mus musculus 15 ttcatcaagg tatgcttc 18 16 18 DNA Mus musculus 16 agatcacagg taacatta 18 17 18 DNA Mus musculus 17 acgagcactg taagtagc 18 18 18 DNA Mus musculus 18 tgtagtaagg taataact 18 19 18 DNA Mus musculus 19 gctgacaaag tatgtttc 18 20 18 DNA Mus musculus 20 acccttcctg tgagtgcc 18 21 18 DNA Mus musculus 21 agcagtcagg tacgcctt 18 22 18 DNA Mus musculus 22 atgtcacagg tatttttg 18 23 18 DNA Mus musculus 23 gggctacagg taacttat 18 24 18 DNA Mus musculus 24 tcaactcagg taattgac 18 25 18 DNA Mus musculus 25 acagataagg tagttgtc 18 26 18 DNA Mus musculus 26 ttcttacagg taaccccc 18 27 29 DNA Mus musculus 27 tctggtgttt tctattgcag tgaaagaaa 29 28 29 DNA Mus musculus 28 cttttgtttt tttaaaacag agttctgat 29 29 29 DNA Mus musculus 29 atgttttctt ttctcacaag gagaagtac 29 30 29 DNA Mus musculus 30 ctctgtcttt tctcttgtag agatgacag 29 31 29 DNA Mus musculus 31 taatttcttt ttcttcatag agtatctag 29 32 29 DNA Mus musculus 32 acgtgtcaat ctgtttacag agaccactg 29 33 29 DNA Mus musculus 33 accattatgt ttaatttcag gctcttgat 29 34 29 DNA Mus musculus 34 tttttttttt tatttttcag tctgatctt 29 35 29 DNA Mus musculus 35 ctttttatca cttattccag caaaaaatc 29 36 29 DNA Mus musculus 36 atgtctcctt gctgttttag tatcaactt 29 37 29 DNA Mus musculus 37 acttgttaat ttgtttgtag gaaatgtgt 29 38 29 DNA Mus musculus 38 attattactg tataatttag ggcaccacc 29 39 29 DNA Mus musculus 39 ttttattttt ttatttttag taatgcaat 29 40 29 DNA Mus musculus 40 ttggttcttt ccatttgtag ttattgcag 29 41 29 DNA Mus musculus 41 tgttcctctt atctccttag agccaagat 29 42 29 DNA Mus musculus 42 tctctgttga ctgtctttag ccacaccga 29 43 29 DNA Mus musculus 43 atcttttatt ttgcttctag tccataaac 29 44 29 DNA Mus musculus 44 ctttccatgt gctgcttcag tttcagttt 29 45 29 DNA Mus musculus 45 tgtgatcttt gttttcaaag atgtttttg 29 46 29 DNA Mus musculus 46 ttccatacga tcttttctag cagagtcaa 29 47 29 DNA Mus musculus 47 tattttgttt tctctcacag attttctca 29 48 29 DNA Mus musculus 48 atcatccttt ttgtttttag acatctagg 29 49 18 DNA Mus musculus 49 gggctacagg taacttat 18 50 18 DNA Mus musculus 50 gggctacagg ttacttat 18 51 747 PRT Mus musculus 51 Met Asp Glu Asp Glu Lys Asp Arg Ala Lys Arg Ala Ser Arg Asn Lys 1 5 10 15 Ser Glu Lys Lys Arg Arg Asp Gln Phe Asn Val Leu Ile Lys Glu Leu 20 25 30 Ser Ser Met Leu Pro Gly Asn Ile Arg Lys Met Asp Lys Ile Thr Val 35 40 45 Leu Glu Lys Val Ile Gly Phe Leu Gln Lys His Asn Glu Val Ser Ala 50 55 60 Gln Thr Glu Ile Cys Asp Ile Gln Gln Asp Trp Lys Pro Ser Phe Leu 65 70 75 80 Ser Asn Glu Glu Phe Thr Gln Leu Met Leu Glu Ala Leu Asp Gly Phe 85 90 95 Ile Ala Val Thr Thr Asp Gly Ser Ile Ile Tyr Val Ser Asp Ser Ile 100 105 110 Thr Pro Leu Leu Gly His Leu Pro Ser Asp Val Met Asp Gln Asn Leu 115 120 125 Leu Asn Phe Leu Pro Glu Gln Glu His Ser Glu Val Tyr Lys Ile Leu 130 135 140 Ser Ser His Met Leu Val Thr Asp Ser Pro Ser Pro Glu Tyr Leu Lys 145 150 155 160 Ser Asp Asn Asp Leu Glu Phe Tyr Cys His Leu Leu Arg Gly Ser Leu 165 170 175 Asn Pro Lys Glu Phe Pro Thr Tyr Glu Tyr Ile Lys Phe Val Gly Asn 180 185 190 Phe Arg Ser Tyr Asn Asn Val Pro Ser Pro Ser Cys Asn Gly Phe Asp 195 200 205 Asn Thr Leu Ser Arg Pro Cys Arg Val Pro Leu Gly Lys Val Cys Phe 210 215 220 Ile Ala Thr Val Arg Leu Ala Thr Pro Gln Phe Leu Lys Glu Met Cys 225 230 235 240 Val Asp Glu Pro Leu Glu Glu Phe Thr Ser Arg His Ser Leu Glu Trp 245 250 255 Lys Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp His Arg Ala Pro Pro Ile Ile Gly Tyr Leu 260 265 270 Pro Phe Glu Val Leu Gly Thr Ser Gly Tyr Asp Tyr Tyr His Ile Asp 275 280 285 Asp Leu Glu Leu Leu Ala Arg Cys His Gln His Leu Met Gln Phe Gly 290 295 300 Lys Gly Lys Ser Cys Cys Tyr Arg Phe Leu Thr Lys Gly Gln Gln Trp 305 310 315 320 Ile Trp Leu Gln Thr His Tyr Tyr Ile Thr Tyr His Gln Trp Asn Ser 325 330 335 Lys Pro Glu Phe Ile Val Cys Thr His Ser Val Val Ser Tyr Ala Asp 340 345 350 Val Arg Val Glu Arg Arg Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Glu Asp Pro Pro Glu 355 360 365 Ala His Ser Ala Lys Lys Asp Ser Ser Leu Glu Pro Arg Gln Phe Asn 370 375 380 Ala Leu Asp Gly Ala Ser Gly Leu Ser Pro Ser Pro Ser Ala Ser Ser 385 390 395 400 Arg Ser Ser His Lys Ser Ser His Thr Ala Met Ser Glu Pro Ile Ser 405 410 415 Thr Pro Thr Lys Leu Met Ala Glu Ser Thr Ala Leu Pro Arg Ala Thr 420 425 430 Leu Pro Gln Glu Leu Pro Val Gly Leu Ser Gln Ala Ala Thr Met Pro 435 440 445 Leu Ser Ser Ser Cys Asp Leu Thr Gln Gln Leu Leu Gln Pro Gln Thr 450 455 460 Leu Gln Ser Pro Ala Pro Gln Phe Ser Ala Gln Phe Ser Met Phe Gln 465 470 475 480 Thr Ile Lys Asp Gln Leu Glu Gln Arg Thr Arg Ile Leu Gln Ala Asn 485 490 495 Ile Arg Trp Gln Gln Glu Glu Leu His Lys Ile Gln Glu Gln Leu Cys 500 505 510 Leu Val Gln Asp Ser Asn Val Gln Met Phe Leu Gln Gln Pro Ala Val 515 520 525 Ser Leu Ser Phe Ser Ser Ile Gln Arg Pro Ala Gln Gln Gln Leu Gln 530 535 540 Gln Arg Ala Ala Gln Pro Gln Leu Val Gln Leu Gln Gly Gln Ile Ser 545 550 555 560 Thr Gln Val Thr Gln His Leu Leu Arg Glu Ser Ser Val Ile Ser Gln 565 570 575 Gly Pro Lys Pro Met Arg Ser Ser Gln Leu Ser Gly Arg Ser Ser Ser 580 585 590 Leu Ser Pro Phe Ser Ser Thr Leu Pro Pro Leu Leu Thr Thr Pro Ala 595 600 605 Ser Thr Pro Gln Asp Ser Gln Cys Gln Pro Ser Pro Asp Phe His Asp 610 615 620 Arg Gln Leu Arg Leu Leu Leu Ser Gln Pro Ile Gln Pro Met Met Pro 625 630 635 640 Gly Ser Cys Asp Ala Arg Gln Pro Ser Glu Val Ser Arg Thr Gly Arg 645 650 655 Gln Val Lys Tyr Ala Gln Ser Gln Phe Pro Asp His Pro Asn Ser Ser 660 665 670 Pro Val Leu Leu Met Gly Gln Ala Val Leu His Pro Ser Phe Pro Ala 675 680 685 Ser Pro Ser Pro Leu Gln Pro Ala Gln Ala Gln Gln Gln Pro Pro Pro 690 695 700 Gln Ala Pro Thr Ser Leu His Ser Glu Gln Asp Ser Leu Leu Leu Ser 705 710 715 720 Thr Phe Ser Gln Gln Pro Gly Thr Leu Gly Tyr Gln Gln Pro Gln Pro 725 730 735 Arg Pro Arg Arg Val Ser Leu Ser Glu Ser Pro 740 745 52 824 PRT Mus musculus 52 Met Asp Glu Asp Glu Lys Asp Arg Ala Lys Arg Ala Ser Arg Asn Lys 1 5 10 15 Ser Glu Lys Lys Arg Arg Asp Gln Phe Asn Val Leu Ile Lys Glu Leu 20 25 30 Ser Ser Met Leu Pro Gly Asn Ile Arg Lys Met Asp Lys Ile Thr Val 35 40 45 Leu Glu Lys Val Ile Gly Phe Leu Gln Lys His Asn Glu Val Ser Ala 50 55 60 Gln Thr Glu Ile Cys Asp Ile Gln Gln Asp Trp Lys Pro Ser Phe Leu 65 70 75 80 Ser Asn Glu Glu Phe Thr Gln Leu Met Leu Glu Ala Leu Asp Gly Phe 85 90 95 Ile Ile Ala Val Thr Thr Asp Gly Ser Ile Ile Tyr Val Ser Asp Ser 100 105 110 Ile Thr Pro Leu Leu Gly His Leu Pro Ser Asp Val Met Asp Gln Asn 115 120 125 Leu Leu Asn Phe Leu Pro Glu Gln Glu His Ser Glu Val Tyr Lys Ile 130 135 140 Leu Ser Ser His Met Leu Val Thr Asp Ser Pro Ser Pro Glu Tyr Leu 145 150 155 160 Lys Ser Asp Ser Asp Leu Glu Phe Tyr Cys His Leu Leu Arg Gly Ser 165 170 175 Leu Asn Pro Lys Glu Phe Pro Thr Tyr Glu Tyr Ile Lys Phe Val Gly 180 185 190 Asn Phe Arg Ser Tyr Asn Asn Val Pro Ser Pro Ser Cys Asn Gly Phe 195 200 205 Asp Asn Thr Leu Ser Arg Pro Cys Arg Val Pro Leu Gly Lys Glu Val 210 215 220 Cys Phe Ile Ala Thr Val Arg Leu Ala Thr Pro Gln Phe Leu Lys Glu 225 230 235 240 Met Cys Ile Val Asp Glu Pro Leu Glu Glu Phe Thr Ser Arg His Ser 245 250 255 Leu Glu Trp Lys Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp His Arg Ala Pro Pro Ile Ile 260 265 270 Gly Tyr Leu Pro Phe Glu Val Leu Gly Thr Ser Gly Tyr Asp Tyr Tyr 275 280 285 His Ile Asp Asp Leu Glu Leu Leu Ala Arg Cys His Gln His Leu Met 290 295 300 Gln Phe Gly Ile Gly Lys Ser Cys Cys Tyr Arg Phe Leu Thr Lys Gly 305 310 315 320 Gln Gln Trp Ile Trp Leu Gln Thr His Tyr Tyr Ile Thr Tyr His Gln 325 330 335 Trp Asn Ser Lys Pro Glu Phe Ile Val Cys Thr His Ser Val Val Ser 340 345 350 Tyr Ala Asp Val Arg Val Glu Arg Arg Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Glu Asp 355 360 365 Pro Pro Ser Glu Ala Leu His Ser Ser Ala Leu Lys Asp Lys Gly Ser 370 375 380 Ser Leu Glu Pro Arg Gln His Phe Asn Ala Leu Asp Val Gly Ala Ser 385 390 395 400 Gly Leu Asn Thr Ser His Ser Pro Ser Ala Ser Ser Arg Ser Ser His 405 410 415 Lys Ser Ser His Thr Ala Met Ser Glu Pro Ile Ser Thr Pro Thr Lys 420 425 430 Leu Met Ala Glu Ala Ser Thr Pro Ala Leu Pro Arg Ser Ala Thr Leu 435 440 445 Pro Gln Glu Leu Pro Val Pro Gly Leu Ser Gln Ala Ala Thr Met Pro 450 455 460 Ala Pro Leu Pro Ser Pro Leu Ser Cys Asp Leu Thr Gln Gln Leu Leu 465 470 475 480 Pro Gln Thr Val Leu Gln Ser Thr Pro Ala Pro Met Ala Gln Phe Ser 485 490 495 Ala Gln Phe Ser Met Phe Gln Thr Ile Lys Asp Gln Leu Glu Gln Arg 500 505 510 Thr Arg Ile Leu Gln Ala Asn Ile Arg Trp Gln Gln Glu Glu Leu His 515 520 525 Lys Ile Gln Glu Gln Leu Cys Leu Val Gln Asp Ser Asn Val Gln Met 530 535 540 Phe Leu Gln Gln Pro Ala Val Ser Leu Ser Phe Ser Ser Ile Gln Arg 545 550 555 560 Pro Glu Ala Gln Gln Gln Leu Gln Gln Arg Ser Ala Ala Val Thr Gln 565 570 575 Pro Gln Leu Gly Ala Gly Pro Gln Leu Pro Gly Gln Ile Ser Ser Ala 580 585 590 Gln Val Thr Ser Gln His Leu Leu Arg Glu Ser Ser Val Ile Ser Thr 595 600 605 Gln Gly Pro Lys Pro Met Arg Ser Ser Gln Leu Met Gln Ser Ser Gly 610 615 620 Arg Ser Gly Ser Ser Leu Val Ser Pro Phe Ser Ser Ala Thr Ala Ala 625 630 635 640 Leu Pro Pro Ser Leu Asn Leu Thr Thr Pro Ala Ser Thr Ser Gln Asp 645 650 655 Ala Ser Gln Cys Gln Pro Ser Pro Asp Phe Ser His Asp Arg Gln Leu 660 665 670 Arg Leu Leu Leu Ser Gln Pro Ile Gln Pro Met Met Pro Gly Ser Cys 675 680 685 Asp Ala Arg Gln Pro Ser Glu Val Ser Arg Thr Gly Arg Gln Val Lys 690 695 700 Tyr Ala Gln Ser Gln Thr Val Phe Gln Asn Pro Asp Ala His Pro Ala 705 710 715 720 Asn Ser Ser Ser Ala Pro Met Pro Val Leu Leu Met Gly Gln Ala Val 725 730 735 Leu His Pro Ser Phe Pro Ala Ser Gln Pro Ser Pro Leu Gln Pro Ala 740 745 750 Gln Ala Arg Gln Gln Pro Pro Gln His Tyr Leu Gln Val Gln Ala Pro 755 760 765 Thr Ser Leu His Ser Glu Gln Gln Asp Ser Leu Leu Leu Ser Thr Tyr 770 775 780 Ser Gln Gln Pro Gly Thr Leu Gly Tyr Pro Gln Pro Pro Pro Ala Gln 785 790 795 800 Pro Gln Pro Leu Arg Pro Pro Arg Arg Val Ser Ser Leu Ser Glu Ser 805 810 815 Ser Gly Leu Gln Gln Pro Pro Arg 820 53 816 PRT Mus musculus 53 Met Asp Glu Asp Glu Lys Asp Arg Ala Lys Arg Ala Ser Arg Asn Lys 1 5 10 15 Ser Glu Lys Lys Arg Arg Asp Gln Phe Asn Val Leu Ile Lys Glu Leu 20 25 30 Ser Ser Met Leu Pro Gly Asn Ile Arg Lys Met Asp Lys Ile Thr Val 35 40 45 Leu Glu Lys Val Ile Gly Phe Leu Gln Lys His Asn Glu Val Ser Ala 50 55 60 Gln Thr Glu Ile Cys Asp Ile Gln Gln Asp Trp Lys Pro Ser Phe Leu 65 70 75 80 Ser Asn Glu Glu Phe Thr Gln Leu Met Leu Glu Ala Leu Asp Gly Phe 85 90 95 Val Ile Val Val Thr Thr Asp Gly Ser Ile Ile Tyr Val Ser Asp Ser 100 105 110 Thr Thr Pro Leu Leu Gly His Leu Pro Ala Asp Val Met Asp Gln Asn 115 120 125 Leu Leu Asn Phe Leu Pro Glu Gln Glu His Ser Glu Val Tyr Lys Ile 130 135 140 Leu Ser Ser His Met Leu Val Thr Asp Ser Pro Ser Pro Glu Phe Leu 145 150 155 160 Lys Ser Asp Asn Asp Leu Glu Phe Tyr Cys His Leu Leu Arg Gly Ser 165 170 175 Leu Asn Pro Lys Glu Phe Pro Thr Tyr Glu Tyr Ile Lys Phe Val Gly 180 185 190 Asn Phe Arg Ser Tyr Asn Asn Val Pro Ser Pro Ser Cys Asn Gly Phe 195 200 205 Asp Asn Thr Leu Ser Arg Pro Cys His Val Pro Leu Gly Lys Asp Val 210 215 220 Cys Phe Ile Ala Thr Val Arg Leu Ala Thr Pro Gln Phe Leu Lys Glu 225 230 235 240 Met Cys Val Ala Asp Glu Pro Leu Glu Glu Phe Thr Ser Arg His Ser 245 250 255 Leu Glu Trp Lys Phe Leu Phe Leu Asp His Arg Ala Pro Pro Ile Ile 260 265 270 Gly Tyr Leu Pro Phe Glu Val Leu Gly Thr Ser Gly Tyr Asn Tyr Tyr 275 280 285 His Ile Asp Asp Leu Glu Leu Leu Ala Arg Cys His Gln His Leu Met 290 295 300 Gln Phe Gly Lys Gly Lys Ser Cys Cys Tyr Arg Phe Leu Thr Lys Gly 305 310 315 320 Gln Gln Trp Ile Trp Leu Gln Thr His Tyr Tyr Ile Thr Tyr His Gln 325 330 335 Trp Asn Ser Lys Pro Glu Phe Ile Val Cys Thr His Ser Val Val Ser 340 345 350 Tyr Ala Asp Val Arg Val Glu Arg Arg Gln Glu Leu Ala Leu Glu Asp 355 360 365 Pro Pro Thr Glu Ala Met His Pro Ser Ala Val Lys Glu Lys Asp Ser 370 375 380 Ser Leu Glu Pro Pro Gln Pro Phe Asn Ala Leu Asp Met Gly Ala Ser 385 390 395 400 Gly Leu Pro Ser Ser Pro Ser Pro Ser Ala Ser Ser Arg Ser Ser His 405 410 415 Lys Ser Ser His Thr Ala Met Ser Glu Pro Ile Ser Thr Pro Thr Lys 420 425 430 Leu Met Ala Glu Asn Ser Thr Thr Ala Leu Pro Arg Pro Ala Thr Leu 435 440 445 Pro Gln Glu Leu Pro Val Gln Gly Leu Ser Gln Ala Ala Thr Met Pro 450 455 460 Thr Ala Leu His Ser Ser Ala Ser Cys Asp Leu Thr Lys Gln Leu Leu 465 470 475 480 Leu Gln Ser Leu Pro Gln Thr Gly Leu Gln Ser Pro Pro Ala Pro Val 485 490 495 Thr Gln Phe Ser Ala Gln Phe Ser Met Phe Gln Thr Ile Lys Asp Gln 500 505 510 Leu Glu Gln Arg Thr Arg Ile Leu Gln Ala Asn Ile Arg Trp Gln Gln 515 520 525 Glu Glu Leu His Lys Ile Gln Glu Gln Leu Cys Leu Val Gln Asp Ser 530 535 540 Asn Val Gln Met Phe Leu Gln Gln Pro Ala Val Ser Leu Ser Phe Ser 545 550 555 560 Ser Ile Gln Arg Pro Ala Ala Gln Gln Gln Leu Gln Gln Arg Pro Ala 565 570 575 Ala Pro Ser Gln Pro Gln Leu Val Val Asn Thr Pro Leu Gln Gly Gln 580 585 590 Ile Thr Ser Thr Gln Val Thr Asn Gln His Leu Leu Arg Glu Ser Asn 595 600 605 Val Ile Ser Ala Gln Gly Pro Lys Pro Met Arg Ser Ser Gln Leu Leu 610 615 620 Pro Ala Ser Gly Arg Ser Leu Ser Ser Leu Pro Ser Gln Phe Ser Ser 625 630 635 640 Thr Ala Ser Val Leu Pro Pro Gly Leu Ser Leu Thr Thr Ile Ala Pro 645 650 655 Thr Pro Gln Asp Asp Ser Gln Cys Gln Pro Ser Pro Asp Phe Gly His 660 665 670 Asp Arg Gln Leu Arg Leu Leu Leu Ser Gln Pro Ile Gln Pro Met Met 675 680 685 Pro Gly Ser Cys Asp Ala Arg Gln Pro Ser Glu Val Ser Arg Thr Gly 690 695 700 Arg Gln Val Lys Tyr Ala Gln Ser Gln Val Met Phe Pro Ser Pro Asp 705 710 715 720 Ser His Pro Thr Asn Ser Ser Ala Ser Thr Pro Val Leu Leu Met Gly 725 730 735 Gln Ala Val Leu His Pro Ser Phe Pro Ala Ser Arg Pro Ser Pro Leu 740 745 750 Gln Pro Ala Gln Ala Gln Gln Gln Pro Pro Pro Tyr Leu Gln Ala Pro 755 760 765 Thr Ser Leu His Ser Glu Gln Pro Asp Ser Leu Leu Leu Ser Thr Phe 770 775 780 Ser Gln Gln Pro Gly Thr Leu Gly Tyr Ala Ala Thr Gln Ser Thr Pro 785 790 795 800 Pro Gln Pro Pro Arg Pro Ser Arg Arg Val Ser Arg Leu Ser Glu Ser 805 810 815 54 3545 DNA Homo sapiens 54 catgcctcag gatactcctc aatagccatc gctgtagtat atccaaagac aaccatcatt 60 cccccccccc ggccccctgg agcgagagcg cgaaggaaat ctggccgccg ccgccgcgag 120 cgctcccgaa tttttacttg ttcctgcaaa gctgctggag ctcagaagct gattctatca 180 cattgtaaga tgcctttgga taattctaca gtcctcttaa atgaatcttt gaacttggca 240 agtctcacta gataccttca atcatcattt tgagctcaaa gaattctgag acttatggtt 300 ggtcatatag aagagtacct tgaacctata gtttcctgaa gaatcagttt aaaagatcca 360 aggagtacaa aaggagaagt acaaatgtct actacaagac gaaaacgtag tatgttatgt 420 tgtttaccgt aagctgtagt aaaatgagct cgattgttga cagagatgac agtagtattt 480 ttgatgggtt ggtggaagaa gatgacaagg acaaagcgaa aagagtatct agaaacaaat 540 ctgaaaagaa acgtagagat caatttaatg ttctcattaa agaactggga tccatgcttc 600 ctggtaatgc tagaaagatg gacaaatcta ctgttctgca gaaaagcatt gattttttac 660 gaaaacataa agaaatcact gcacagtcag atgctagtga aattcgacag gactggaaac 720 ctacattcct tagtaatgaa gagtttacac aattaatgtt agaggctctt gatggttttt 780 ttttagcaat catgacagat ggaagcataa tatatgtgtc tgagagtgta acttcattac 840 ttgaacattt accatctgat cttgtggatc aaagtatatt taattttatc ccagaagggg 900 aacattcaga ggtttataaa atactctcta ctcatctgct ggaaagtgat tcattaaccc 960 cagaatattt aaaatcaaaa aatcagttag aattctgttg tcacatgctg cgaggaacaa 1020 tagacccaaa ggagccatct acctatgaat atgtaaaatt tataggaaat ttcaaatctt 1080 taaacagtgt atcctcttca gcacacaatg gttttgaagg aactatacaa cgcacacata 1140 ggccatctta tgaagataga gtttgttttg tagctactgt caggttagct acacctcagt 1200 tcatcaagga aatgtgcact gttgaagaac ccaatgaaga gtttacatct agacatagtt 1260 tagaatggaa gtttctgttt ctagatcaca gggcaccacc cataataggg tatttgccat 1320 ttgaagttct gggaacatca ggctatgatt actatcatgt ggatgaccta gaaaatttgg 1380 caaaatgtca tgagcactta atgcaatatg ggaaaggcaa atcatgttat tataggttcc 1440 tgactaaggg gcaacagtgg atttggcttc agactcatta ttatatcact taccatcagt 1500 ggaattcaag gccagagttt attgtttgta ctcacactgt agtaagttat gcagaagtta 1560 gggctgaaag acgacgagaa cttggcattg aagagtctct tcctgagaca gctgctgaca 1620 aaagccaaga ttctgggtca gataatcgta taaacacagt cagtctcaag gaagcattgg 1680 aaaggtttga tcacagccca accccttctg cctcttctcg gagttcaaga aaatcatctc 1740 acacggccgt ctcagaccct tcctcaacac caaccaagat cccgacggat acgagcactc 1800 cacccaggca gcatttacca gctcatgaga agatggtgca aagaaggtca tcatttagta 1860 gtcagtccat aaattcccag tctgttggtt catcattaac acagccagtg atgtctcaag 1920 ctacaaattt accaattcca caaggcatgt cccagtttca gttttcagct caattaggag 1980 ccatgcaaca tctgaaagac caattggaac aacggacacg catgatagaa gcaaatattc 2040 atcggcaaca agaagaacta agaaaaattc aagaacaact tcagatggtc catggtcagg 2100 ggctgcagat gtttttgcaa caatcaaatc ctgggttgaa ttttggttcc gttcaacttt 2160 cttctggaaa ttcatctaac atccagcaac ttgcacctat aaatatgcaa ggccaagttg 2220 ttcctactaa ccagattcaa agtggaatga atactggaca cattggcaca actcagcaca 2280 tgatacaaca acagacttta cagagtacat caactcagag tcaacaaaat gtactgagtg 2340 ggcacagtca gcaaacatct ctacccagtc agacacagag cactcttaca gccccactgt 2400 ataacactat ggtgatttct cagcctgcag ccggaagcat ggtccagatt ccatctagta 2460 tgccacaaaa cagcacccag agtgctgcag taactacatt cactcaggac aggcagataa 2520 gattttctca aggtcaacaa cttgtgacca aattagtgac tgctcctgta gcttgtgggg 2580 cagtcatggt acctagtact atgcttatgg gccaggtggt gactgcatat cctacttttg 2640 ctacacaaca gcaacagtca cagacattgt cagtaacgca gcagcagcag cagcagagct 2700 cccaggagca gcagctcact tcagttcagc aaccatctca ggctcagctg acccagccac 2760 cgcaacaatt tttacagact tctaggttgc tccatgggaa tccctcaact caactcattc 2820 tctctgctgc atttcctcta caacagagca ccttccctca gtcacatcac cagcaacatc 2880 agtctcagca acagcagcaa ctcagccggc acaggactga cagcttgccc gacccttcca 2940 aggttcaacc acagtagcac acgtgcttcc tctcttgaca tcaagggagg aaggggatgg 3000 cccattaaga gttactcaga tgacctgagg aaaggaggga aagttccagc agtttcatga 3060 gatgcagtat tgagtgttct agttcctgga attagttggc agagaaaatg ctgcctagtg 3120 ctacagatgt acattaaata ccagccagca ggaggtgatc ataggggcac agccagttct 3180 gacagtgttt taggtgcctg gatatttttt gatggaaaaa gaatatattg ccaaatatta 3240 agaagctcag ctatgaaatg acctccaggg aatcagaaag gcactaatga tgttagtaac 3300 ttttagtggt tctgtgcctc ttatcaagtg ttacagagga cataccactg ccatgtcagg 3360 ggtttgctta cagtgatgcc atgaagacag tccagtagac ttggtagcga ccccctcccc 3420 caacccctct cccttttcag ataatgatgg aacagtaatt actttcagaa tgttgtgtgg 3480 gttcaaattc tctatgtaca gatgatgtaa aaatatgtat atgtctagat aaaaggagag 3540 aaagc 3545 55 846 PRT Homo sapiens 55 Met Leu Phe Thr Val Ser Cys Ser Lys Met Ser Ser Ile Val Asp Arg 1 5 10 15 Asp Asp Ser Ser Ile Phe Asp Gly Leu Val Glu Glu Asp Asp Lys Asp 20 25 30 Lys Ala Lys Arg Val Ser Arg Asn Lys Ser Glu Lys Lys Arg Arg Asp 35 40 45 Gln Phe Asn Val Leu Ile Lys Glu Leu Gly Ser Met Leu Pro Gly Asn 50 55 60 Ala Arg Lys Met Asp Lys Ser Thr Val Leu Gln Lys Ser Ile Asp Phe 65 70 75 80 Leu Arg Lys His Lys Glu Ile Thr Ala Gln Ser Asp Ala Ser Glu Ile 85 90 95 Arg Gln Asp Trp Lys Pro Thr Phe Leu Ser Asn Glu Glu Phe Thr Gln 100 105 110 Leu Met Leu Glu Ala Leu Asp Gly Phe Phe Leu Ala Ile Met Thr Asp 115 120 125 Gly Ser Ile Ile Tyr Val Ser Glu Ser Val Thr Ser Leu Leu Glu His 130 135 140 Leu Pro Ser Asp Leu Val Asp Gln Ser Ile Phe Asn Phe Ile Pro Glu 145 150 155 160 Gly Glu His Ser Glu Val Tyr Lys Ile Leu Ser Thr His Leu Leu Glu 165 170 175 Ser Asp Ser Leu Thr Pro Glu Tyr Leu Lys Ser Lys Asn Gln Leu Glu 180 185 190 Phe Cys Cys His Met Leu Arg Gly Thr Ile Asp Pro Lys Glu Pro Ser 195 200 205 Thr Tyr Glu Tyr Val Lys Phe Ile Gly Asn Phe Lys Ser Leu Asn Ser 210 215 220 Val Ser Ser Ser Ala His Asn Gly Phe Glu Gly Thr Ile Gln Arg Thr 225 230 235 240 His Arg Pro Ser Tyr Glu Asp Arg Val Cys Phe Val Ala Thr Val Arg 245 250 255 Leu Ala Thr Pro Gln Phe Ile Lys Glu Met Cys Thr Val Glu Glu Pro 260 265 270 Asn Glu Glu Phe Thr Ser Arg His Ser Leu Glu Trp Lys Phe Leu Phe 275 280 285 Leu Asp His Arg Ala Pro Pro Ile Ile Gly Tyr Leu Pro Phe Glu Val 290 295 300 Leu Gly Thr Ser Gly Tyr Asp Tyr Tyr His Val Asp Asp Leu Glu Asn 305 310 315 320 Leu Ala Lys Cys His Glu His Leu Met Gln Tyr Gly Lys Gly Lys Ser 325 330 335 Cys Tyr Tyr Arg Phe Leu Thr Lys Gly Gln Gln Trp Ile Trp Leu Gln 340 345 350 Thr His Tyr Tyr Ile Thr Tyr His Gln Trp Asn Ser Arg Pro Glu Phe 355 360 365 Ile Val Cys Thr His Thr Val Val Ser Tyr Ala Glu Val Arg Ala Glu 370 375 380 Arg Arg Arg Glu Leu Gly Ile Glu Glu Ser Leu Pro Glu Thr Ala Ala 385 390 395 400 Asp Lys Ser Gln Asp Ser Gly Ser Asp Asn Arg Ile Asn Thr Val Ser 405 410 415 Leu Lys Glu Ala Leu Glu Arg Phe Asp His Ser Pro Thr Pro Ser Ala 420 425 430 Ser Ser Arg Ser Ser Arg Lys Ser Ser His Thr Ala Val Ser Asp Pro 435 440 445 Ser Ser Thr Pro Thr Lys Ile Pro Thr Asp Thr Ser Thr Pro Pro Arg 450 455 460 Gln His Leu Pro Ala His Glu Lys Met Val Gln Arg Arg Ser Ser Phe 465 470 475 480 Ser Ser Gln Ser Ile Asn Ser Gln Ser Val Gly Ser Ser Leu Thr Gln 485 490 495 Pro Val Met Ser Gln Ala Thr Asn Leu Pro Ile Pro Gln Gly Met Ser 500 505 510 Gln Phe Gln Phe Ser Ala Gln Leu Gly Ala Met Gln His Leu Lys Asp 515 520 525 Gln Leu Glu Gln Arg Thr Arg Met Ile Glu Ala Asn Ile His Arg Gln 530 535 540 Gln Glu Glu Leu Arg Lys Ile Gln Glu Gln Leu Gln Met Val His Gly 545 550 555 560 Gln Gly Leu Gln Met Phe Leu Gln Gln Ser Asn Pro Gly Leu Asn Phe 565 570 575 Gly Ser Val Gln Leu Ser Ser Gly Asn Ser Ser Asn Ile Gln Gln Leu 580 585 590 Ala Pro Ile Asn Met Gln Gly Gln Val Val Pro Thr Asn Gln Ile Gln 595 600 605 Ser Gly Met Asn Thr Gly His Ile Gly Thr Thr Gln His Met Ile Gln 610 615 620 Gln Gln Thr Leu Gln Ser Thr Ser Thr Gln Ser Gln Gln Asn Val Leu 625 630 635 640 Ser Gly His Ser Gln Gln Thr Ser Leu Pro Ser Gln Thr Gln Ser Thr 645 650 655 Leu Thr Ala Pro Leu Tyr Asn Thr Met Val Ile Ser Gln Pro Ala Ala 660 665 670 Gly Ser Met Val Gln Ile Pro Ser Ser Met Pro Gln Asn Ser Thr Gln 675 680 685 Ser Ala Ala Val Thr Thr Phe Thr Gln Asp Arg Gln Ile Arg Phe Ser 690 695 700 Gln Gly Gln Gln Leu Val Thr Lys Leu Val Thr Ala Pro Val Ala Cys 705 710 715 720 Gly Ala Val Met Val Pro Ser Thr Met Leu Met Gly Gln Val Val Thr 725 730 735 Ala Tyr Pro Thr Phe Ala Thr Gln Gln Gln Gln Ser Gln Thr Leu Ser 740 745 750 Val Thr Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Ser Ser Gln Glu Gln Gln Leu Thr 755 760 765 Ser Val Gln Gln Pro Ser Gln Ala Gln Leu Thr Gln Pro Pro Gln Gln 770 775 780 Phe Leu Gln Thr Ser Arg Leu Leu His Gly Asn Pro Ser Thr Gln Leu 785 790 795 800 Ile Leu Ser Ala Ala Phe Pro Leu Gln Gln Ser Thr Phe Pro Gln Ser 805 810 815 His His Gln Gln His Gln Ser Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Leu Ser Arg His 820 825 830 Arg Thr Asp Ser Leu Pro Asp Pro Ser Lys Val Gln Pro Gln 835 840 845 

What is claimed:
 1. A polypeptide made by a process comprising transforming a suitable host cell with an expression vector, growing the host cell under conditions wherein the polypeptide is expressed, and isolating the polypeptide therefrom, wherein the expression vector comprises a polynucleotide which encodes a mammalian CLOCK polypeptide.
 2. An isolated and purified mammalian CLOCK polypeptide.
 3. The polypeptide of claim 2, being a human CLOCK polypeptide.
 4. The polypeptide of claim 3, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55 from residue number 35 to residue number
 846. 5. The polypeptide of claim 3, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 55 from amino acid residue number 35 to amino acid residue number 846, SEQ ID NO: 55 from amino acid residue number 11 to amino acid residue number 846, SEQ ID NO: 55 from amino acid residue number 10 to amino acid residue number 846, SEQ ID NO:55 from amino acid residue number 2 to amino acid residue number 846, and SEQ ID NO:
 55. 6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the polypeptide of claim 2, together with a physiologically acceptable diluent. 